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自然意象的翻译

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自然意象的翻译

文学作品的自然意象反映了一个民族的文化宇宙观。中国文化是典型的大陆文化,强调天地人合一,中国文学作品的自然意象多为天地意象,描写山川林泉、春花秋月。中国是传统的农业社会,农业在国家经济中的地位举足轻重,大自然的四季更迭对农业生产的影响巨大,因此汉民族对气候变化非常敏感。陆机《文赋》说:“悲落叶于劲秋,喜柔条于芳春。”钟嵘《诗品序》说:“若乃春风春鸟,秋月秋蝉,夏云夏雨,冬月祁寒,斯四候之感诸诗者也。”传统的农业经济使汉民族对土地有强烈的依赖性,在历史的进程上形成了内向、保守型的大陆性文化和土地情节。胡晓明在《中国诗学之精神》中认为汉民族由于具有一种农业文化心态,“方能对人与自然之生命节律,抱有极亲切之一种认同,方能对人心与自然之相通,包有一份之关注之兴味,以对人心由自然物而触发,抱有一种不言而喻的意会”。在中国文学史上山水田园诗描绘了大量的自然意象,袁行霈在《中国诗歌艺术研究》中探讨了陶渊明诗歌的自然美,分析了中国山水诗的艺术脉络。文学作品中的自然意象包含时间意象和空间意象。汉文学作品的时间意象主要有春花、秋月、黄昏等,空间意象主要有山川林泉、楼台亭榭等。春、秋作为汉语文化意象其情感内涵十分丰富,汉语文学中悲春的描写多于喜春,杜甫的《春望》、金昌绪的《春怨》等都是伤春的经典之作。相比而言,西方民族对春的体验多为喜春,西方文学中有大量颂春之作,如英国诗人纳什的Spring、华兹华斯的Written in Early Spring等。田俊武在《浅析莎士比亚十四行诗中的意象》中探讨了莎士比亚十四行诗中的时间意象,认为在莎诗中春象征着“新的开始”、“新生命的孕育”、“新的希望的到来”,象征着“新鲜与活力”,“美好的春天是外在美的象征”。下面是唐朝诗人薛涛的《春望词》(四首)和许渊冲的译文:

花开不同赏,花落不同悲。

欲问相思处,花开花落时。

槛草结同心,将以遣知音。

春愁正断绝,春鸟复哀吟。

风花日将老,佳期犹渺渺。

不结同心人,空结同心草。

那堪花满枝。翻作两相思。

玉簪垂朝镜,春风知不知。


We don't enjoy together blooming flowers,

Nor at their fall together shed our tears.

O why am I lovesick from hour to hour

To see flowers appear or disappear!


I braid two blades of grass into one heart

And send it to my lover far apart.

I've just got rid of my sorrow in spring.

Who knows that mournful birds again will sing?


I'm growing old from day to day;

Still happiness is far away.

Our lives not woven into one,

Our love-knot in grass is undone.


How can I bear the blooming tree

Break into loving hearts,my dear?

How can the vernal morning breeze

Know mirrors wet with tear on tear?

第一首写诗人与远方的爱人天各一方,春天来临,花开花落,她心中的悲喜无法与爱人分享。许译We don't enjoy together blooming flowers/Nor at their fall together shed our tears用两个together加否定式,表达了诗人对与远方爱人分离的伤感。O why am I lovesick from hour to hour/To see flowers appear or disappear!用疑问句式,语气强烈,表达了诗人内心的孤寂和悲楚,from hour to hour与appear or disappear相对照,富于节奏感。原诗第二首写诗人想用草编织一个同心结,送给远方的爱人,以寄托自己的相思。许译Who knows that mournful birds again will sing?用问句,传达了诗人满腔的愁绪和哀思。原诗第三首写诗人担心自己容颜易老,韶华不在,而远方的爱人归期渺渺。许译I'm growing old from day to day中from day to day与第一首的from hour to hour相呼应,描写时光飞逝,诗人日渐憔悴,Our love-knot in grass is undone中undone表现了诗人希望的破灭。原诗第四首写诗人睹花思人,悲时怀春,不禁黯然神伤,潸然泪下。许译How can I bear the blooming tree/Break into loving hearts,my dear?/How can the vernal morning breeze/Know mirrors wet with tear on tear?用两个how引导的问句,语气强烈,强调了诗人内心的悲苦和绝望,tear on tear描写了诗人的凄楚悲伤。宋朝诗人李清照写了大量的咏春之作。下面是《蝶恋花》和许渊冲的译文:

暖雨晴风初破冻,柳眼梅腮,已觉春心动。酒意诗情谁与共?泪融残粉花钿重。


乍试夹衫金缕缝,山枕斜倚,枕损钗头凤。独抱浓愁无好梦,夜阑犹剪灯花弄。


The thaw has set in with warm showers

And vernal breeze;

Willow leaves and mume flowers

Look like eyes and cheeks of the trees.

I feel the heart of spring palpitate.

But who'd drink wine with me?

And write fine verse with glee?

Face powder melt in tears,I feel my hairpin's weight.


What can I do but try

To put on my vernal robe sown with golden thread?

I lean so long on mountain-shaped pillow my head

Until my phoenix hairpin goes awry.

How can I have sweet dreams,my heart drowned in sorrow deep?

I can but trim the wick,unable to fall asleep.

原词上阕写乍暖还寒,诗人春心萌动,她回忆昔日与丈夫相濡以沫,谈诗论画,而如今孑然一身,又有谁能与自己谈论诗文?她不禁黯然神伤,以泪洗面。许译I feel the heart of spring palpitate中palpitate传达了诗人春心萌动的心理体验,But who'd drink wine with me?/And write fine verse with glee?保留了原诗的疑问句式,表转折关系的连词but传达了诗人内心的失落和苦闷,glee传达了诗人对幸福美满生活的向往和追求。Face powder melt in tears,I feel my hairpin's weight中动词melt生动地再现了诗人潸然泪下的景象。原词下阕写妇人百无聊赖,无心梳妆。许译What can I do but try/To put on my vernal robe sown with golden thread?用问句形式,语气强烈,传达了诗人无可奈何的伤感情绪,Until my phoenix hairpin goes awry中hairpin goes awry与上阕的I feel my hairpin's weight相呼应,明写金钗沉重,暗写诗人内心沉重。How can I have sweet dreams,my heart drowned in sorrow deep?用疑问句式语气强烈,sweet传达了诗人对美好生活的梦想,drowned、sorrow deep强调诗人沉浸在无尽的哀思之中。I can but trim the wick,unable to fall asleep中I can but准确地传达了诗人百无聊赖、郁闷惆怅的心情。下面是《生查子》和许渊冲的译文:

年年玉镜台,梅蕊宫妆困。今岁未还家,怕见江南信。


酒从别后疏,泪向愁中尽。遥想楚云深,人远天涯近。


Before my mirror decked with jade,from year to year,

Weary the toilets of mume blossom style appear.

This year he is not back as of yore;

I fear bad news may come from Southern shore.


Since he left,I have drunk less and less wine;

Tears melt into grief,more and more I pine.

I look on Southern cloud on high;

He is farther away than the sky.

原词上阕写诗人思念远方的丈夫,她既盼望丈夫来信,又担心他来信说不回家,内心十分矛盾。许译Weary the toilets of mume blossom style appear中weary放在句首,强调诗人内心悲楚疲惫。原词下阕写诗人对丈夫朝思暮想,哭干了眼泪,内心无比悲苦。许译Tears melt into grief,more and more I pine中melt形象生动,再现了诗人以泪洗面、最后欲哭无泪的场景,more and more放在I pine之前,与上文的less and less形成对比,强调诗人思念丈夫,越来越憔悴不堪。I look on Southern cloud on high/He is farther away than the sky中on high、farther away强调诗人与丈夫天各一方,难以团聚。

汉民族有深刻的悲秋体验,西方民族对秋的体验多为喜秋,西方文学有大量的颂秋之作,如英国诗人济慈的Ode to Autumn等。田俊武在《浅析莎士比亚十四行诗中的意象》中认为,在莎士比亚十四行诗的时间意象中秋象征着“富足和慷慨”,富足的秋代表了“内在的美”。汉文学的悲秋之作以战国宋玉的《九辩》、欧阳修的《秋声赋》、杜甫的《登高》、《秋兴》(八首)最负盛名。严云受在《诗词意象的魅力》中认为汉语文学的悲秋意识包含两类:一是强化模式,作者“秋怨满怀,逢秋益悲”;二是感生模式,作者“秋怀潜伏、逢秋感发”。悲秋是“在人生的深刻体验与详密省察中酝酿的生命的激动”,其中融入了秋思,其“每一层轨迹,都融汇着思索者的饱含血泪的怅恨”。悲秋是“人的自我审视,自我关注”,它“浸透着人对生命的珍爱与渴望,充分地表现了中国文化中的生命意识”。下面是唐朝诗人杜甫的《秋兴》(一)和许渊冲的译文:

玉露凋霜枫树林,巫山巫峡气萧森。

江间波浪兼天涌,塞上风云接地阴。

丛菊两开他日泪,孤舟一系故园心。

寒衣处处催刀尺,白帝城高急暮砧。


The pearllike dewdrops wither maples in red dye;

The Gorge and Cliffs of Witch exhale dense fog around.

Waves of upsurging river seem to storm the sky;

Dark clouds o'er mountains touch their shadows on the ground.

Twice full-blown,asters blown off draw tears from the eye;

Once tied up,lonely boats tie up my heart home-bound.

Thinking of winter robes being made far and nigh,

I hear at dusk but nearby washing blocks fast pound.

《秋兴》(八首)是杜甫晚年旅居四川夔州时所作。“安史之乱”结束后,唐王朝满目疮痍,民不聊生,诗人流离失所,饱受生活的磨难。《唐诗鉴赏辞典》介绍说,诗人“晚年多病,知交零落,壮志难酬,心情是非常寂寞抑郁的”,《秋兴八首》“熔铸了夔州萧条的秋色、清凄的秋声”,“悲壮苍凉,意境深闳”。原诗第一、二联描写巫山巫峡阴沉萧森的景象,渲染了凄楚悲凉的氛围。第三、四联写诗人忧国忧民,无比思念远方的亲人,内心孤苦凄凉。许译The pearl-like dewdrops wither maples in red dye/The Gorge and Cliffs of Witch exhale dense fog around中wither作动词,描写了枫树的凋落衰败,dense around再现了巫山巫峡雾霭沉沉的森然景象。Waves of upsurging river seem to storm the sky中分词upsurging、动词storm再现了长江巨浪滔天、惊心动魄的景象。Twice full-blown,asters blown off draw tears from the eye与Once tied up,lonely boats tie up my heart homebound再现了原诗的对仗结构。第一句中full-blown意思是开花,blown off意思是凋零,秋菊的盛开与凋落形成强烈对比,渲染了悲秋的主题。第二句中tied up意思是诗人羁留异乡,tie up意思是诗人仍心系故乡,用词巧妙,准确地表达了“孤舟一系故园心”的含义。I hear at dusk but nearby washing blocks fast pound中fast放在pound之前,强调诗人的心被急促的砧衣声敲打,更加思念远方的亲人。

在中国古诗中黄昏是常见的文化原型意象。胡晓明在《中国诗学之精神》中认为中国文化的精神原型包括“乡关之恋、佳人之咏、空间体验、时间感悟、吾道自足等”。其中,乡关之恋包括“和平、安静之生活向往,家、国通一之志士情怀,温馨淳美的人伦情味”。汉民族“将人类家庭视为和平价值之实存因子,视为消弭战乱灾祸之精神天使”,“和平、无争、安静、悠久,中国人思想中此种向往与追求,熏陶着中国诗人的伦常感受”。在中国文化中黄昏是一天中“最具安宁、平和之家庭意味的时刻”,“中国诗人的黄昏感受,实在是生命缺憾中的一种痛苦情绪,是对和谐、安宁之生活的一种永恒的祈求”。吴晟在《中国意象诗探索》中认为中国意象诗包含了深刻的生命体验,达到了生命哲学的高度,它包括“对人类生存状态的呈示、对人类生存状态的体验、对人类命运价值的思考”。下面是唐朝诗人李商隐的《登乐游原》和许渊冲的译文:

向晚意不适,驱车登古原。

夕阳无限好,只是尽黄昏。


At dusk my heart is filled with gloom,

I drive my cab to ancient Tomb.

The setting sun appears sublime.

But oh!‘tis near its dying time.

李商隐生活于晚唐,当时唐王朝已是江河日下,日薄西山,社会中到处弥漫着悲凉绝望的情绪,《登乐游原》就传达了这种时代悲音。诗人傍晚时分心情阴郁,于是驾车来到郊外想排遣愁绪。夕阳西下,晚霞染红天边,蔚为壮观,然而暮色渐深,诗人感到生命将逝,内心无比悲凉惆怅。许译At dusk my heart is filled with gloom中gloom表达了诗人内心的郁闷惆怅。原诗中的“乐游原”是指唐朝都城长安郊外的一处皇家墓地,这里安葬着汉代五位皇帝的灵柩。许译I drive my cab to ancient Tomb把“古原”译为ancient Tomb,这样Tomb与gloom相呼应,传达了原诗沉郁冷清的氛围。The setting sun appears sublime/But oh!‘tis near its dying time中sublime表现了夕阳的壮丽,与dying time形成对比,烘托了诗人内心的失落和绝望,感叹词oh语气强烈,传达了诗人的黄昏悲叹。下面是宋朝诗人唐婉的《钗头凤》和许渊冲译文:

世情薄,人情恶,雨送黄昏花易落。晓风干,泪痕残。欲笺心事,独语斜阑。难,难,难!


人成各,今非昨,病魂常似秋千索。角声寒,夜阑珊。怕人寻问,咽泪装欢,瞒,瞒,瞒!


The world unfair,

True manhood rare.

Dusk melts away in rain and blooming trees turn bare.

Morning wind high,

Tear traces dry.

I'll write to you what's in my heart,

Leaning on rails,speaking apart.

Hard,hard,hard!


Go each our ways!

Gone are our days.

Like long,long ropes of swing my sick soul groans always.

The horn blows cold,

Night has grown old.

Afraid my grief may be descried,

I try to hide my tears undried.

Hide,hide,hide!

中国美学强调温柔敦厚,哀而不伤,汉语爱情诗多含蓄蕴藉,情深而味长。西方文化追求自由和真理,其爱情诗热烈奔放,狂放不羁,通过大喜大悲达到精神的净化。中国文人常借爱情的失意喻指事业的坎坷和挫折。吴晟在《中国意象诗探索》中认为中国意象诗的心理机制包含了“不可挣脱的悲剧情节、日益深化的孤独意识、坚贞不阿的狷介节操”。胡晓明在《中国诗学之精神》中认为中国诗人“既无炽热的欢乐意识,与迷幻的跌宕起伏,亦无强烈的内心沸腾,与情欲之绝望挣扎,中国诗人的爱情歌咏,大多沉浸于回忆的情调之中”,“那一种循回不已的悬思,那一幅千古无穷的感伤意境,那一份简单而永恒、古朴而新鲜的心灵契合之美,那缕爱而不得其所爱、又不能忘其所爱的深深哀愁,充分反映了中国人文精神的内倾向性。”汉民族“视情诗为一种寄托,一种兴象,一种理想生命苦闷之象征,以深刻反映出有操守、有理想之古代知识分子的‘大不得意’境况”,“生命之自由感受,情感之沈至,意志之执着与精神之无限向上,便是中国古代爱情诗之精神品格”。唐婉和着名诗人陆游曾是一对恩爱夫妻,后被陆母拆散,陆游另娶,唐婉改嫁。某日,两人在沈园邂逅,陆游感慨万千,写下《钗头凤》,以示情怀,唐婉也和了一首《钗头凤》,以表相思,后郁郁而终。

原词上阕写世态炎凉,人情冷暖。诗人本与陆游志同道合,真心相爱,却被陆母强行拆散,成为封建家长制和世俗礼教的牺牲品。诗人以黄昏时分被风雨吹打的残花暗喻自己的不幸遭遇。《宋词鉴赏辞典》评论说:“被黄昏时分的雨水打湿了的花花草草,经晚风一吹,已经干了,而自己流淌了一夜的泪水,犹擦而未干,致使残痕犹在。”诗人想与陆游书信传情,但犹豫不决,她凭栏沉吟,内心凄凉悲苦。许译The world unfair中unfair表达了诗人对封建礼教压迫的强烈谴责和抨击,Dusk melts away in rain and blooming trees turn bare中blooming与bare形成对比,暗喻诗人形容憔悴,青春已逝。Leaning on rails,speaking apart中apart明写诗人与陆游已被拆离,实写两人仍心心相印,Hard,hard,hard!中hard的叠用语气强烈,传达了诗人想与陆游书信传情却又左右为难的痛苦矛盾的心情,富于感染力。原词下阕写诗人回首往事,物是人非,她与陆游已各自嫁娶,但仍心心相印,彼此思念着对方,魂萦梦绕,精神憔悴。夜深人静,寒气透骨,诗人已为他人妇,不得不强颜欢笑,强忍泪水。许译Gone are our days用倒装句式语气强烈,传达了诗人对往昔美好岁月的追忆,Like long,long ropes of swing my sick soul groans always中long的叠用明写秋千索长,暗写诗人的愁绪绵延不尽,sick soul形成头韵,描写诗人为情所困,悲伤憔悴,富于音美和意美。Night has grown old中old明写夜色渐深,暗写诗人韶华已逝,容颜已老,Hide,hide,hide!中hide的叠用语气强烈,传达了诗人内心的酸楚凄凉。李清照的诗词中有大量关于黄昏景色的描写,多伤感凄凉,但《小重山》传达的却是静谧温馨的感受:

春到长门春草青,红梅些子破,未开匀。碧云笼碾玉成灰,留晓梦,惊破一瓯春。


花影压重门,疏帘铺淡月,好黄昏。二年三度负东君,归来也,着意过今春。


Springs come to my long gate and grass grows green;

Mume flowers burst into partial bloom are seen

From deep red to light shade.

Green cloudlike tea leaves ground into powder of jade

With boiling water poured into vernal cup

From morning dream have woke me up.


Mume blossoms lay their heavy shadows on my door;

The pale moon paces my latticed floor

With lambent light,

What a fine night!

Thrice o'er two years spring has passed unenjoyed.

Come back and drink this delight unalloyed.

(许渊冲译)

原词上阕写春光明媚,诗人思念远方的丈夫,她一边煮茶,一边沉浸在甜蜜的梦想之中,一直到茶开了才惊醒过来。许译Springs come to my long gate and grass grows green中grass grows green压头韵,富于音美,From deep red to light shade/Green cloudlike tea leaves ground into powder of jade中deep red/light shade/green cloudlike富于视觉美。原词下阕写天色已是黄昏,月影朦胧,诗人对丈夫的思念愈加浓厚深沉。许译The pale moon paces my latticed floor中pale/paces压头韵,富于音美,paces采用拟人手法描写月影缓移,形象生动。With lambent light中lambent意思是shining or glowing softly,与上文的heavy shadows/pale相呼应,富于视觉美,再现了原诗景象的朦胧迷离。What a fine night!传达了诗人内心的宁静和惬意,Thrice o'er two years spring has passed unenjoyed中unenjoyed传达了诗人对自己过去两三年孑然一身、虚度春光的遗憾。Come back and drink this delight unalloyed用感叹句式语气强烈,传达了诗人对丈夫早日归来的急切呼唤,富于感染力。

在汉文学中月作为文化意象其内涵十分丰富,但主要表达的是亲友之间的离愁别绪;与汉文学中的月、黄昏意象相比,西方文学喜欢描写太阳、星星。田俊武在《浅析莎士比亚十四行诗中的意象》中认为,在莎士比亚十四行诗中的时间意象中日出日落象征人的一生,星星象征真爱。下面是唐朝诗人杜甫的《宿府》和吴钧陶的译文:

清秋幕府井梧寒,独宿江城蜡炬残。

永夜角声悲自语,中天月色好谁看?

风尘荏苒音书绝,关塞萧条行路难。

已忍伶俜十年事,强移栖息一枝安。


In the General's yamen,in the autumn chill,

The phoenix by an old well stand still.

Alone in the town by the riverside,

I lodge with a waning candle light.

Like one soliloquizing and sobbing groans,

The horn in the long night dolefully croons.

Hanging high up among the constellations,

The bright moon will invite whose appreciation?

How slowly the troublous times roll away,

And from my brothers news is detained half way.

How desolate is the frontier pass all over,

And how very hard the way for one to cover!

It has been a matter of ten years yet

Since alone I suffered life's buffet.

Reluctantly I now remove to rest,

On this branch,and find myself a cosy nest.

汉民族珍惜家庭生活的幸福温馨,同时又胸怀国家之安危,兼故小家和大家。胡晓明在《中国诗学之精神》中认为中国“诗人之生命,与民族、国家之大生命;诗人之感情存在,与国家、社会之理性目的,紧紧相连”。家、国通一精神将“中国人的乡关之恋政治化、理想化。思家的魂梦飞萦,不仅是一己小我的温煦之情,而且是与国家民族文化理想循循相通的庄严圣洁之情”,同时又将“中国人的政治情结生命化、人伦化”。公元764年秋,杜甫被成都节度使严武举荐为节度使幕府的参谋。诗人住在成都郊外的浣花溪,与幕府衙门较远,因此为了方便他曾一度住在幕府内。原诗首联写清秋之夜,诗人独居于幕府,感到寂寥凄清。次联写角声连绵,明月朗照,诗人更加思念远方的亲人,内心悲苦凄楚。第三联写诗人与亲友远隔千山万水,音信渺茫。尾联写诗人出任幕府参谋,只是碍于情面,并非本意,比起冷清的幕府,他更愿住在浣花溪那温暖惬意的茅屋里。原诗中“井梧”、“蜡炬”、“角声”、“月色”都是汉文学文化原型意象,传达了一种怀乡思人之情。

吴译In the General's yamen,in the autumn chill/The phoenix by an old well stand still中chill表现了清秋的寒冷,still表现了幕府的寂静冷清。Alone in the town by the riverside中alone保留了“独宿江城蜡炬残”中“独”的句首位置,强调了诗人的孤独凄苦。I lodge with a waning candle light中waning明写烛光渐黯,暗喻诗人已是风烛残年。Like one soliloquizing and sobbing groans/The horn in the long night dolefully croons中soliloquizing和sobbing形成头韵,描写诗人喃喃自语,独自悲泣,富于音美和意美,groans、dolefully croons描写诗人沉吟悲鸣,长吁短叹。The bright moon will invite whose appreciation保留了“中天月色好谁看”的疑问句式,传达了诗人内心的苦闷和彷徨。译文采用三个how引导的感叹句,语气强烈,How slowly the troublous times roll away中slowly、troublous描写诗人身处乱世,度日如年,渴望国家早日恢复安宁和平。How desolate is the frontier pass all over中desolate再现了关塞的荒芜凄凉,And how very hard the way for one to cover中hard描写山长路远,诗人与亲友天各一方,难以团聚。原诗“强移栖息一枝安”中的“安”意思是不安,诗人住在幕府内,感觉寄人篱下,不如在自己的茅屋自由惬意。吴译Reluctantly I now remove to rest/On this branch,and find myself a cosy nest中reluctantly、cosy能否让英语读者理解原诗的含义,值得推敲。下面是汉魏诗人曹植的《七哀》和许渊冲的译文:

明月照高楼,流光正徘徊。

上有愁思妇,悲叹有余哀。

借问叹者谁,言是宕子妻。

君行逾十年,孤妾常独栖。

君若清路尘,妾若浊水泥。

浮沉各异势,会合何时偕?

愿为西南风,长逝入君怀。

君怀良不开,贱妾当何依?


Softly on the tower streams of light play;

It seems the moon is loath to move away.

For here is beauty wilting,tender sighs

Telling of a tender heart in pain,which cries.

May we ask who is there so full of ruth?

A wife in name,a widow,ah,in truth!

You are far,far away for o'er ten years;

I am alone,alone and oft in tears.

You're like the dust drawn upward on the way;

Like mud in dirty water still I stay.

One sinking,the other swimming we remain.

If ever,when are we to meet again?

Would that I were the wind from the southwest,

That I could rush across to your breast!

From your embrace,if you should shut me out,

Where should I go?Where should I roam about?

原诗描写丈夫离家十余载,留下妻子独守空房,孤苦寂寞。月明星稀的夜晚,她独倚高楼,凝望着空中的一轮圆月,月华如水,洒落在她身上,思夫之情油然而生。圆月象征着亲人的团聚,而丈夫一去十余年,杳无音信,自己望眼欲穿,期盼他早日归来。许译Softly on the tower streams of light play/It seems the moon is loath to move away.将softly放在句首,强调月色的温柔,is loath to保留了原诗的拟人手法。For here is beauty wilting,tender sighs/Telling of a tender heart in pain,which cries中wilting描写了思妇的憔悴,tender的叠用和in pain强调了妇人内心的悲苦和凄楚。May we ask who is there so full of ruth?中ruth表达了妇人心中的悲楚和忧伤,A wife in name,a widow,ah,in truth!采用感叹句式,语气强烈,in name与in truth形成对比,强调思妇与爱人长期分离,作为妻子她已是有名无实。You are far,far away for o'er ten years/I am alone,alone and oft in tears中far的叠用强调思妇与爱人远隔千山万水,难以相见,alone的叠用强调妇人内心极度的孤苦和凄凉。Like mud in dirty water still I stay将like mud in dirty water放在I stay之前,描写了妇人地位的卑微低下。If ever,when are we to meet again?将if ever放在句首,语气强烈,妇人思念远方的爱人,望眼欲穿,内心充满绝望。Would that I were the wind from the southwest/That I could rush across to your breast!保留了原诗的虚拟语气,rush表现了思妇对与爱人团聚的强烈渴望。Where should I go?Where should I roam about?中Where should I的叠用语气强烈,表达了妇人对自己前途的深深迷惘和忧虑。

文学作品的空间意象体现了一个民族文化特有的空间宇宙意识。在中国文化中儒家、道家、佛家有着各自的宇宙文化观。儒家提倡奋斗不息的进取精神,强调人要遵从社会的道德准则和行为规范,宣扬一种道德宇宙观,它在文学作品中体现为一种宇宙的苍茫感、生命的沧桑感以及人们面对宏伟雄浑的大自然时心中激发起的拼搏进取的壮志豪情,如陈子昂的《登幽州台歌》(“前不见古人,后不见来者。念天地之悠悠,独怆然而涕下”)将时间空间化、空间时间化,天地茫茫,岁月悠悠,而人的生命何其短暂渺小。诗人俯仰宇宙,感悟人生,表达了一种深沉的历史忧患感。杜甫的《望岳》(“岱宗夫何如?齐鲁情未了。造化钟神秀,阴阳割昏晓。荡胸生层云,决眦入归鸟。会当凌绝顶,一览众山小”)传达了奋发向上的进取精神和建功立业的远大志向。

道家主张人要保持自然本性,追求随心所欲、天人合一的境界,强调主体要返璞归真,回归自然,融入自然,因此道家宣扬自然宇宙观,它在文学作品中体现为一种物我不分、天人合一的审美境界,如陶渊明的《归去来辞》(“怀良辰以孤往,或植仗而耘。登东皋以舒啸,临清流而赋诗。聊乘化以归尽,乐夫天命复奚疑”)表达了诗人羽化归仙的理想。佛家主张人要摆脱尘世,摈除俗念,对宇宙、人生进行静观、禅悟。人通过妙悟、顿悟可以直观生命的本质,最终达到大彻大悟的境界,因此佛家宣扬生命宇宙观,它在文学作品中体现为一种大音希声、大象无形的空灵澄静的意境,如王维的《汉江临泛》(“楚塞三湘接,荆门九派通。江流天地外,山色有无中。郡邑浮前浦,波澜动远空。襄阳好风日,留醉与山翁”)表现了一种清澈空明的境界。总体而言,中国文化中的宇宙是人的宇宙、气的宇宙、道的宇宙。胡晓明在《中国诗学之精神》中认为汉诗表达了积极雄健的空间体验,它是一种“不断向上、不断精进、生生不息、新新不已的文化精神,已贯注于历代诗人的诗思血液里,在他们的作品中转化为积极向上、奋发有为的诗美体验”。儒家“借空间的张势以提升人的精神向上性”,道家则“借空间的拓阔以抒发人的个体自由感”,“以‘自由’为中心,道家的空间体验,充满着否定力量,充满着挣脱意愿,充满着开合、张弛、动静的对立统一因素”。

西方民族具有浓厚的宗教意识,其人生体验往往浸透着深刻的宗教体验,包括对上帝的畏惧、“原罪”感等。西方文化的宇宙观植根于《圣经》和古希腊罗马神话,认为宇宙是由无所不在、无所不知的上帝所主宰,强调神人合一。西方文化认为宇宙是一个与人相对立的存在体,是人类需要认识、了解和征服的对象。大自然代表了一种神秘的力量,主宰和支配着人类的命运,人类要想掌握自己的命运,就必须与其抗争。西方文学作品在描写大自然时赋予其一种神秘色彩,人在自然面前顶礼膜拜,内心充满敬畏和恐惧。西方社会以海洋经济为主,逐渐形成了一种外向、扩张性的海洋性文化。黑格尔在《历史哲学》中认为古希腊人“在自然面前茫然不知所措”,同时又“勇悍地、自强地反抗外界”。比较而言,汉语文学带给读者的感受是人与自然水乳交融、亲密无间。朱光潜在《诗论》中认为中国的自然诗“委婉、微妙、简隽”,多描写“明溪疏柳、微风细雨、湖光山色”,属月景,偏于柔性美;西方的自然诗“以直率、深刻、铺陈胜”,多描写“狂风暴雨、峭崖荒谷”,属日景,偏于刚性美。中国诗人对自然的爱好是“情趣的默契忻合”,如李白的“相看两不厌,只有敬亭山”;西方诗人对自然的体验是神秘主义,它“把大自然全体看作神灵的表现,在其中看出不可思议的妙谛,觉到超于人而时时在支配人的力量”。面对大自然,中国诗人只能“听见到自然”,西方诗人则能“见出一种神秘的巨大的力量”。

在西方文学中sea是一个常见的文化意象,代表了一种神秘可怕的力量,令人敬畏,蕴含了西方民族特有的空间意识。西方诗人观海而触发对人生的深刻反思和体验,他们孜孜不倦地追求生命的彼岸,渴望超脱现世,其对人生的哲理思索和探寻富于形而上学的色彩。比较而言,中国诗人登楼怀古,游历江河,感悟生命,他们虽追求乘风而登仙的境界,但往往会最终回到现实世界,那里才是他们最牢固的精神家园。朱光潜在《诗论》中认为西方诗比中国诗深广,因为“它有较深广的哲学和宗教在培养它的根干”,汉民族“过于注重人本主义和现世主义,不能向较高远的地方发空想,所以不能向高远处有所企求”。中国哲学“偏重人事”,“很少离开人事而穷究思想的本质和宇宙的来源”,这导致了汉民族“哲学思想的平易和宗教情感的淡薄”。田俊武在《浅析莎士比亚十四行诗中的意象》中认为,在莎士比亚十四行诗中“海的自然运动象征时间对事物的侵蚀”,“海的博大宽容象征爱友宽广的胸襟”,“海的汹涌澎湃变幻莫测象征艰难险阻”。英国诗人丁尼生在Crossing the Bar中由大海而触发了对于生命的思考,下面是原诗和何功杰的译文:

Sunset and evening star,

And one clear call for me!

And may there be no moaning of the bar,

When I put out to sea.


But such a tide as moving seems sleep

Too full for sound and foam,

When that which drew from out the boundless deep

Turns again home.


Twilight and evening bell,

After that the dark!

And may there be no sadness of farewell,

When I embark.


For though from out our bourne of Time and Place

The blood may bear me far,

I hope to see my Pilot face to face

When I have crossed the bar.


落日,晚星,

一个清晰的声音把我呼喊!

但愿那沙洲没有呻吟,

当我登船出海远航。


如此流动的海潮宛如入睡,

潮水太满反无声息也无浪花,

当那来自无限海洋之外的灵魂

今日又要转程回家。


黄昏,晚钟,

随后是黑夜茫茫!

但愿告别时没有悲痛,

当我登船出航。


虽然潮水会把我带到

幽幽时空之外去远游

我希望当面见到“舵手”,

当我越过了沙洲。

诗人把大海视为自己灵魂的安息之所,对他来说,死亡就是回到广阔无垠的大海的怀抱,灵魂会得到仁慈的上帝的抚慰。在一个宁静的夜晚诗人登船出海,跨越沙洲,远行到大海的深处,溶入茫茫夜色,这喻指诗人生命的结束。意象sunset、evening star富于视觉美,And one clear call for me!中clear、call形成头韵,具有音美,虚拟式And may there be no moaning of the bar语气强烈。诗人并不感到悲痛,因为他相信只要跨过沙洲就会见到上帝,他是指引自己生命航程的“舵手”,会带给自己的灵魂永久的安息。意象twilight富于视觉美,evening bell富于听觉美。从首节的sunset、evening star到第三节的twilight、evening bell,再到the dark,天色逐渐变晚,诗人按照时间顺序来巧妙安排作品结构。虚拟式And may there be no sadness of farewell与首节的And may there be no moaning of the bar相呼应,语气强烈。原诗中首节的When I put out to sea,第二节的When that which drew from out the boundless deep/Turns again home,第三节的When I embark,第四节的When I have crossed the bar通过由when引导的时间状语从句的叠用,强调了一种深刻的时间体验和生命感悟。何译首节“落日,晚星”与第三节的“黄昏,晚钟,黑夜茫茫”再现了原诗以时间变化为线索的结构安排。虚拟式“但愿那沙洲没有呻吟”与第三节的“但愿告别时没有悲痛”相照应。“当我登船出海远航”与“当那来自无限海洋之外的灵魂/今日又要转程回家”、“当我登船出海远航”、“当我越过了沙洲”传达了诗人深刻的时间体验和生命感悟。“黑夜茫茫”、“幽幽时空”再现了原诗苍茫的空间感和辽远无垠的时间感。

在中西文学中西风、东风也是常见的文化意象。比较而言,西风带给汉民族的感受是寒冷、凄凉、凋零,带给西方民族的感受是温暖、光明、希望。下面是英国诗人雪莱的Ode to the West Wind和傅勇林、江枫的译文:

O wild West Wind,thou breath of Autumn's being.

Thou,from whose unseen presence the leaves dead

Are driven,like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,

Yellow,and black,and pale,and hectic red,

Pestilencestricken multitudes:O thou

Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed

The winged seeds,where they lie cold and low,

Each like a corpse within its grave,until

Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow

Her clarion o'er the dreaming earth,and fill

(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)

With living hues and odours plain and hill:

Wild Spirit,which art moving everywhere;

Destroyer and Preserver;hear,Oh,hear!


Thou on whose stream 'mid the steep sky's commotion,

Loose clouds like earth's decaying leaves are shed,

Shook from the tangled boughs of Heaven and Ocean,

Angels of rain and lightning:they are spread

On the blue surface of thine airy surge,

Like the bright hair uplifted from the head.

Of some fierce Maenad,even from the dim verge

Of the horizon to the zenith's height,

The locks of the approaching storm. Thou dirge

Of the dying year,to which this closing night

Will be the dome of a vast sepulchre,

Vaulted with all thy congregated might

Of vapours,from whose solid atmosphere

Black rain,and fire,and hail,will burst:Oh,hear!


Thou who didst waken from his summer dreams

The blue Mediterranean,where he lay,

Lull'd by the coil of his crystalline streams,

Beside a pumice isle in Baiae's bay,

And saw in sleep old palaces and towers

Quivering within the wave's intenser day,

All overgrown with azure moss and flowers

So sweet,the sense faints picturing them!Thou

For whose path the Atlantic's level powers.

Cleave themselves into chasms,while far below

The seablooms and the cozy woods which wear

The sapless foliage of the ocean,know.

Thy voice,and suddenly grow grey with fear,

And tremble and despoil themselves:Oh,hear!

If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear;

If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee;

A wave to pant beneath thy power,and share

The impulse of thy strength,only less free

Than thou,O uncontrollable!If even

I were as in my boyhood,and could be

The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven,

As then,when to outstrip the skyey speed

Scarce seemed a vision,I would ne'er have striven

As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need.

Oh!Lift me as a wave,a leaf,a cloud!

I fall upon the thorns of life!I bleed!

A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowed

One too like thee:tameless,and swift,and proud.


Make me thy lyre,even as the forest is:

What if my leaves are falling like its own!

The tumult of thy mighty harmonies.

Will take from both a deep,an autumnal tone,

Sweet though in sadness. Be thou,Spirit fierce,

My spirit!Be thou me,impetuous one.

Drive my dead thoughts over the universe

Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth!

And,by the incantation of this verse,

Scatter,as from an unextinguished hearth

Ashes and sparks,my words among mankind,

Be through my lips to unawakened earth

The trumpet of a prophecy!O Wind,

If Winter comes,can Spring be far behind?


狂荡的西风哟,你这晚秋的精灵,

你飘扬而起无形中驱尽残叶

犹如精魂飞遁远离法师长吟。

黑白红黄似瘟疫压顶,那满天落叶

纷纷扬四散凋零;哦,是你哟

驾长车往那黝黑的冬夜

载去翻飞的种子,低深地一片冰凉

它们在坟茔里躺着酷似僵尸具具,

直至碧色葱郁你那春色妹妹吹响

清越的号角传遍寰寰梦境,

(扬起芳蕾如驱遣羊羔于惠风里牧草)

给平原山陵鼓满鲜活的流彩和芳馨;

狂荡的精灵哟,你四处运行;

你扫荡一切又维持生命;听哟,听!


在你的川流之上,长空中巨流滔天,

乱云翻滚犹如大地败叶摇落

在那残枝交柯的水天一线,

是天使挟雨带电;一泻云河

你苍茫的涛面风起云涌

恰似密娜娣怒扬而起的

一头亮发,从迷蒙的海角

直至高高的天巅;风雨欲来

撒下绺绺乌云。你哟,哀号

一曲挽歌,于暮秋这四合的夜

便是巨大的陵墓那圆形的穹顶,

四周敛云聚合形成你所有的气概,

积云密布,从中将雷雨倾盆,

有霹雳裂空,冰雹如喷;哦,听!


你,是你惊醒了地中海夏梦绵绵

湛蓝的海水其时静卧在睡乡,

晶莹的细流腾起波漩,涛声呢喃,

巴亚海湾的石岛就在近旁,

睡梦里曾见那古代的殿塔

在波浪耀眼的光影中摇晃,

全都长满了黛色的苔藓与香花

芳菲馥郁,一想起就意荡神迷!

你哟,大西洋沧海横流就只为你让驾

便将自己劈成凹谷,而在海底

海花与带泥的灌木尚还挂着

大洋无枝无液的叶丛,一闻知

你的呼号刹那间失色大惊

便颤抖着自己掠走槁叶:哦,听!


但愿,但愿我是残叶一片与你相随:

但愿,但愿我是捷云一朵与你同飞:

愿只愿是浪头翻滚假你的神威,

愿有你的伟力气吞山河,只是

只是稍逊于你,哦,不羁的精灵!

惟愿英姿勃发重振少年意气

与你信步同游那昊昊天庭,

那时,那时即如你神速如此

要抛下你也未必是如幻的梦境;

又何至这般悲哀,这样苦苦地求你。

哦,扬起我,像波涛、残叶和乱云!

我倒在人生的荆棘之上,血流不止!

岁月的重负铐住而压弯的那人

实在像你:疏放,狂傲而飞灵!


让我临风长啸即便如林莽为琴:

何妨我枝叶纷披像败叶凋零!

你磅礴的和声汇成涛声滚滚

将从我与林莽摄走深永的秋韵,

甜美而又伤悲。愿你,狂荡的精灵,

合为我的灵魂!愿你就是我这个人!

吹吧,将我未遂的心愿吹遍乾坤

就像你卷走枯叶催促新的生命!

请放歌长吟,借这诗文法力无垠,

将我的心声撒遍那芸芸众生,

如从未灭的炉膛扬起点点火星!

对昏睡的大地愿我的双唇

奏响一位先知寓言者的号角!

哦,寒冬已到,春风还用久等?

(傅译)


哦,狂野的西风,秋之实体的气息!

由于你无形无影的出现,万木萧疏,

似鬼魅逃避驱魔巫师,蔫黄,黝黑,

苍白,潮红,疠疫摧残的,落叶无数,

四散飘舞;哦,你又把有翅的种子

凌空运送到它们黑暗的越冬床圃;

仿佛是一具具僵卧在坟墓里的尸体,

它们将分别蛰伏,冷落而又凄凉,

直到阳春你蔚蓝的姐妹向梦中的大地

吹响她嘹亮的号角(如同牧放群羊,

驱送香甜的花蕾到空气中觅食就饮)

给高山平原注满生命的色彩和芬芳

不羁的精灵,你啊,你到处运行;

你破坏,你也保存,听,哦,听!


在你的川流上,在骚动的高空,

纷乱的乌云,那雨和电的天使,

正像大地凋零枯败的落叶无穷

挣脱天空和海洋交错缠接的柯枝,

漂流奔泻;在你清虚的波涛表面,

似酒神女祭司头上扬起的蓬勃青丝,

从那茫茫地平线阴暗的边缘

直到苍穹的绝顶,到处散布着迫近的暴风雨飘摇翻腾的发卷。

你哦,垂死残年的挽歌,四合的夜幕

在你聚集的全部水气威力的支撑下,

将构成它那庞大墓穴的拱形顶部。

从你那雄浑磅礴的氛围,将迸发

黑色的雨、火、冰雹;哦,听!


你,哦,是你把蓝色的地中海

从梦中唤醒,他在一整个夏天

被澄澈的流水喧哗声催送入眠,

梦见了古代的楼台、塔堡和宫闱,

在强烈汹涌的波光里不住地抖颤,

全都长满了蔚蓝色的苔藓与花卉,

馨香馥郁,如醉的知觉难以描摹

哦,为了给你让路,大西洋水

豁然开裂,而在浩渺波澜深处,

海底的花藻与枝叶无汁的丛林,

哦,由于把你的呼啸声辨认出,

一时都惨然变色,胆怵心惊,

战栗着自行凋落;听,哦,听!


我若是一朵轻捷的浮云能和你同飞:

我若是一片落叶,你所能提携,

我若是一头波浪能喘息于你的神威,

分享你雄强的脉搏,自由不羁,

仅次于,哦,仅次于不可控制的你;

我若能像在少年时,作为伴侣,

随你同游天际,因为在那时节

似乎超越你天届的神速也不为奇迹;

我也就不至于像这样急切,

向你苦苦祈求。哦,快把我扬起

就像你卷起波浪、浮云、落叶!

我倾覆于人生的荆棘!我在流血!

岁月的重负压制着的这一个太像你,

像你一样,骄傲、不驯,而且敏捷!


像你以森林演奏,请也以我为琴,

哪怕我的叶片也像森林的一样凋谢!

你那非凡和谐的慷慨激越之情,

定能从森林和我同奏出深沉的秋乐,

悲怆却又甘洌。但愿你勇猛的精灵

竟是我的魂魄,我能成为剽悍的你!

请把我枯萎的思绪播送宇宙,

就像你驱遣落叶,催促新的生命

请凭借我这韵文写就的符咒,

就像从未灭的余烬溅出炉灰和火星

把我的话语传遍天地间万户千家,

通过我的嘴唇,向沉睡未醒的人境

让预言的号角奏鸣!哦,风啊,

如果冬天来了,春风还会远吗?

(江译)

雪莱是英国19世纪杰出的浪漫主义诗人,他一生追求民主和自由,富于革命斗争精神,原诗就集中表现了他的革命思想。

原诗首节,诗人把西风描绘成一个精灵(Wild Spirit),它席卷大地,摧枯拉朽,同时又把种子送到过冬的苗圃,所以诗人说它既是破坏者,又是保护者(Destroyer and Preserver)。诗中意象leaves dead/Yellow/black/pale/hectic red/dark wintry bed/winged seeds/azure/sweet buds/living hues/odours/plain/hill富于视觉美和嗅觉美。傅译“黑白红黄”、“满天落叶”、“黝黑的冬夜”、“翻飞的种子”、“碧色葱郁”、“芳蕾”、“平原山陵”、“鲜活的流彩和芳馨”和江译“万木萧疏”、“蔫黄”、“黝黑”、“苍白”、“潮红”、“落叶无数”、“黑暗的越冬床圃”、“蔚蓝的姐妹”都再现了原诗的意象美。江译“飘舞”、“运送”、“驱送”传达了秋风横扫落叶的狂野气势,“破坏”、“保存”比傅译“扫荡一切”、“维持生命”更为简洁,节奏感更强。

原诗第二节描写西风以其雷霆万钧之势翻江倒海,喻示着革命风暴即将来临。stream'mid the steep sky's commotion/Loose clouds/decaying leaves/tangled boughs/Angels of rain and lightning/blue surface/airy surge/bright hair uplifted from the head/fierce Maenad/dim verge/locks of the approaching storm/dome of a vast sepulcher/Black rain,and fire,and hail等意象富于视觉美。傅译“川流”、“长空中巨流滔天”、“乱云翻滚犹如大地败叶摇落”、“残枝交柯的水天一线”、“天使挟雨带电”、“一泻云河”、“苍茫的涛面风起云涌”、“密娜娣怒扬而起的一头亮发”、“绺绺乌云”、“巨大的陵墓那圆形的穹顶”、“霹雳裂空”、“冰雹如喷”和江译“纷乱的乌云”、“交错缠接的柯枝”、“清虚的波涛表面”、“蓬勃青丝”、“茫茫地平线”、“飘摇翻腾的发卷”、“庞大墓穴的拱形顶部”、“黑色的雨、火、冰雹”都再现了原诗意象的视觉美。江译“挣脱”、“漂流奔泻”、“迸发”传达了乌云飞扬的气势,“骚动”、“纷乱”、“飘摇翻腾”、“雄浑磅礴”再现了原诗所刻画的动荡纷扬的景象。

原诗第三节描写大海从盛夏到深秋的景色变化,带给人一种如梦如幻、迷离恍惚的审美体验。blue Mediterranean/coil of his crystalline streams/old palaces and towers/wave's intenser day/azure moss and flowers/chasms/seablooms/cozy woods/sapless foliage of the ocean等意象富于视觉美和听觉美。傅译“湛蓝的海水”、“晶莹的细流”、“波漩涛声呢喃”、“古代的殿塔”、“波浪耀眼的光影”、“黛色的苔藓与香花”、“凹谷”、“海花与带泥的灌木”、“大洋无枝无液的叶丛”和江译“澄澈的流水”、“喧哗声”、“强烈汹涌的波光”、“蔚蓝色的苔藓与花卉”、“海底的花藻与枝叶无汁的丛林”都再现了原诗的意象美。江译“惨然变色”、“胆怵心惊”、“战栗”保留了grow grey with fear/tremble and despoil themselves的拟人手法,形象生动。

原诗第四节,诗人渴望自己能化作浪花、树叶、飞云,同西风一起去自由翱翔,搏击长空。If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear/If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee/If even/I were as in my boyhood,and could be/The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven采用排比句式和虚拟式,传达了诗人内心对自由的强烈渴望。傅译“但愿,但愿我是残叶一片与你相随”、“但愿,但愿我是捷云一朵与你同飞”、“惟愿英姿勃发重振少年意气/与你信步同游那昊昊天庭”保留了原诗的排比句式和虚拟语气,传达了原诗恢弘的气势、激扬的感情和跌宕起伏的节奏感,“但愿”的叠用,语气强烈。江译用三个由“我若是”引导的排比句,节奏鲜明。“仅次于”的叠用强调了诗人对西风的膜拜和颂扬。“我倾覆于人生的荆棘!我在流血”保留了I fall upon the thorns of life!I bleed!包含递进关系的排比句式,语气强烈,节奏鲜明。“神威”、“雄强的脉搏,自由不羁”、“天届的神速”、“骄傲”、“不驯”、“敏捷”传达了诗人对威猛无比的西风的崇敬和仰慕。

原诗第五节,诗人对未来充满希望,严冬过后,春天即将来临。lyre/forest/leaves/tumult of thy mighty harmonies/deep,an autumnal tone/withered leaves/unextinguished hearth/ashes and sparks/unawakened earth/trumpet of a prophecy等意象富于视觉美和听觉美。傅译“林莽为琴”、“枝叶纷披像败叶凋零”、“磅礴的和声”、“涛声滚滚”、“深永的秋韵”、“枯叶”、“未灭的炉膛”、“点点火星”、“昏睡的大地”、“先知寓言者的号角”和江译“以森林演奏”、“以我为琴”、“叶片也像森林的一样凋谢”、“深沉的秋乐”、“落叶”、“未灭的余烬”、“炉灰和火星”、“沉睡未醒的人境”再现了原诗的意象美。江译“非凡和谐的慷慨激越之情”、“勇猛的精灵”、“剽悍的你”传达了诗人对孕育希望和未来的西风的颂扬和赞美。

原诗思想深刻,感情激扬,节奏明快,气势磅礴,震撼人心。为了刻画西风的形象和气势,诗人运用多种表达手段,包括呼语(O wild West Wind,thou breath of Autumn's being/Wild Spirit)、词的并用(yellow,and black,and pale,and hectic red/black rain,and fire,and hail/as a wave,a leaf,a cloud/tameless,and swift,and proud)、祈使句(hear,Oh,hear!Make me thy lyre/Scatter...my words among mankind/Be thou,Spirit fierce,/My spirit!Be thou me,impetuous one)、感叹句(So sweet,the sense faints picturing them!O uncontrollable!)等,增强了作品语言的节奏感和艺术感染力。

傅译充分发挥汉语的表现力,运用呼语(“狂荡的西风哟,你这晚秋的精灵”、“狂荡的精灵哟”)、词的排列(“黑白红黄似瘟疫压顶”、“霹雳裂空,冰雹如喷波涛、残叶和乱云”、“疏放,狂傲而飞灵”)、祈使句(“听哟/听”、“让我临风长啸即便如林莽为琴”、将我的心声撒遍那芸芸众生”、“愿你,狂荡的精灵”、“合为我的灵魂!愿你就是我这个人”)、感叹句(“芳菲馥郁,一想起就意荡神迷”、“哦,不羁的精灵”),传达了原诗恢弘的气势、激扬的感情和跌宕起伏的节奏。傅译还通过长、短词组和句子的交替错落,使译诗语言节奏富于变化。喻云根在《英美名着翻译比较》中认为原诗“句法严谨而又富于变化,较好地抒发了作者慷慨豪放的激情,表现了西风狂烈不羁的气势”,傅译“节奏感更烈,更快捷,读起来朗朗上口,如行云流水,层层推进,有一泻千里之感”。周仪在《翻译与批评》中认为傅译传达出了原作“浩浩荡荡、一泻千里的气势,再现了原诗雄浑奔放、凝重而又飘逸的艺术风格”,读来“朗朗上口,有如行云流水,跌宕起伏,层层推进”。傅译“运用了大量的双声词、叠韵词和联绵词,增加了原诗的音乐美和节奏感,使整首译诗含有浓厚的诗情画意”。

在韵式上,原诗运用大量头韵(如wild West Wind、breath/being、lie/low、sister/Spring、flocks/feed、hues/hill、stream/steep sky、loose/leaves、surface/surge、hair/head、horizon/height、hail/hear、coil/crystalline、saw/sleep、so sweet/sense、path/powers、woods/wear、grow/grey、pant/power、skyey/speed、scarce/seemed/striven、lift/leaf、heavy/hours、take/tone、sweet/sadness/Spirit),富于音美,傅译运用叠韵(狂荡、精灵、苍茫、天颠、霹雳、惊醒、湛蓝、晶莹、馥郁、刹那、意气、人生)、双声(翻飞、迷蒙、呢喃、冰雹、芳菲、荆棘、耀眼、呼号、失色)、叠字(纷纷、妹妹、寰寰、高高、绺绺、绵绵、昊昊、苦苦、滚滚、芸芸、点点)以及尾韵和行内韵,如:

yin/ying韵:精灵、无形、长吟、压顶、凋零、坟茔、梦境、山陵、芳馨、运行、生命、听、穹顶、大惊、天庭、琴、无垠、火星

ang韵:飘扬、纷纷扬、吹响、冰凉、怒扬、睡乡、近旁、波浪、摇晃

an韵:满天、一片、传遍、滔天、水天一线、海湾、带电、涛面、天巅、耀眼、刹那间

un韵:精魂、飞遁、翻滚、灵魂、乾坤、双唇

u韵:陵墓、密布、信步、神速、重负、催促

ai韵:夜台、气概

ao韵:羊羔、牧草、呼号

en韵:倾盆、如喷

(h)e韵:四合、聚合

a韵:殿塔、让驾

ei韵:同飞、神威

i韵:伟力、意气

eng韵:心声、众生、久等

(y)e韵:残叶、落叶、冬夜

(y)un韵:乱云、秋韵

传达了原诗的音韵美。“碧色葱郁”、“巨流滔天”、“水天一线”、“挟雨带电”、“一泻云河”、“风起云涌”、“霹雳裂空”、“冰雹如喷”、“芳菲馥郁”、“意荡神迷”、“沧海横流”、“气吞山河”、“英姿勃发”、“少年意气”、“信步同游”、“昊昊天庭”、“临风长啸”、“芸芸众生”等四字语增强了译诗的文采。江译发挥汉语的表达优势,运用呼语(“哦,狂野的西风”、“不羁的精灵,你啊,你到处运行”、“你,哦,是你把蓝色的地中海/从梦中唤醒”)、祈使句(“哦,快把我扬起”、“请把我枯萎的思绪播送宇宙”、“听,哦,听”)、虚拟语气(“我若是一头波浪能喘息于你的神威”、“我若能像在少年时,作为伴侣”)传达了原诗恢弘的气势、激扬的感情和跌宕起伏的节奏。在韵式上,江译采用叠韵(“号角”、“飘摇”、“汹涌”、“馥郁”、“浩渺”、“惨然”、“骄傲”)、叠字(“茫茫”、“苦苦”)、双声(“冷落”、“嘹亮”、“芬芳”、“澄澈”、“馨香”、“描摹”、“非凡”、“慷慨”、“深沉”、“驱遣”、“催促”)、尾韵(“疏/数/圃”、“息/体/地”、“凉/羊/芳”、“饮/行/听”、“空/穷”、“使/枝/丝”、“面/缘/卷”、“幕/部”、“下/发”、“海/外”、“天/眠/颤”、“闱/卉/水”、“处/出”、“林/惊/听”、“飞/威”、“羁/你/迹/起”、“携/节/切/叶/捷”、“琴/情/灵/命/星/境”、“谢/乐”、“宙/咒”、“家/吗”),再现了原诗的音韵美。“无形无影”、“凋零枯败”、“交错缠接”、“漂流奔泻”、“飘摇翻腾”、“雄浑磅礴”、“强烈汹涌”、“馨香馥郁”、“豁然开裂”、“惨然变色”、“胆怵心惊”、“自由不羁”、“非凡和谐”、“慷慨激越”、“万户千家”等四字语增强了译诗的文采。

中国文学描写的自然景色多为落日晚霞、风轻云淡,表现了宁静美,西方文学多描写狂风暴雨、电闪雷鸣,表现了雄壮美。下面是雪莱的The Cloud和胡家峦的译文:

I bring fresh showers for the thirsting flowers,

From the seas and the streams;

I bear light shade for the leaves when laid

In their noonday dreams.

From my wings are shaken the dews that waken

The sweet buds every one,

When rocked to rest on their mother's breast,

As she dances about the Sun.

I wield the flail of the lashing hail,

And whiten the green plains under,

And then again I dissolve it in rain,

And laugh as I pass in thunder.



I sift the snow on the mountains below,

And their great pines groan aghast.

And all the night 'tis my pillow white,

While I sleep in the arms of the blast.

Sublime on the towers of my skiey bowers,

Lightning my pilot sits;

In a cavern under is fettered the thunder,

It struggles and howls at fits;

Over earth and ocean,with gentle motion,

This pilot is guiding me,

Lured by the love of the genii that move

In the depth of the purple sea;

Over the rills,and the crags,and the hills,

Over the lakes and the plains.

Wherever he dream,under mountain or stream,

The Spirit he loves remains;

And I all the while bask in Heaven's blue smile,

Whilst he is dissolving in rains.


The sanguine Sunrise,with his meteor eyes,

And his burning plumes outspread,

Leaps on the back of my sailing rack,

When the morning star shines dead;

As on the jag of a mountain crag,

Which an earthquake rocks and swings,

An eagle alit one moment may sit

In the light of its golden wings.

And when Sunset may breathe,from the lit sea beneath,

Its ardours of rest and of love,

And the crimson pall of eve may fall

From the depth of Heaven above,

With wings folded I rest,on my aery nest,

As still as a brooding dove.


That orbed maiden with white fire laden

Whom mortals call the Moon,

Glides glimmering o'er my fleece-like floor,

By the midnight breezes strewn;

And wherever the beat of her unseen feet,

Which only the angles hear,

May have broken the woof of my tent's thin roof,

The stars peep behind her and peer;

And I laugh to see them whirl and flee,

Like a swarm of golden bees,

When I widen the rent in my wind-built tent,

Till the calm rivers,lakes,and seas,

Like strips of the sky fallen through me on high,

Are each paved with the moon and these.


I bind the Sun's throne with a burning zone

And the Moon's with a girdle of pearl,

The volcanoes ate dim,and the stars reel and swim,

When the whrilwinds my banner unfurl.

From cape to cape,with a bridgelike shape,

Over a torrent sea,

Sunbeam proof,I hang like a roof,

The mountains its columns be.

The triumphant arch through which I march,

With hurricane,fire,and snow,

When the Powers of the air are chained to my chair.

Is the million-colored bow;

The sphere-fire above its soft colours wove

While the moist Earth was laughing below.

I am the daughter of Earth and Water,

And the nursling of the Sky;

I pass through the pores of the ocean and shores;

I change,but I cannot die.

For after the rain,when with never a stain

The pavilion of Heaven is bare,

And the winds and sunbeams with their convex gleams,

Build up the blue dome of air,

I silently laugh at my own cenotaph,

And out of the caverns of rain,

Like a child of the womb,like a ghost from the tomb,

I arise and build it again.


从海洋,从江河,我为焦渴的花朵,

带来清新充沛的甘霖,

我用凉荫遮蔽绿叶,当他们都息歇

在中午午休时的梦境,

我从翅膀落下露滴,去唤醒那些

鲜嫩萌蘖,甜美蓓蕾,

当她们的母亲围绕太阳舞蹈着轻摇

让她们贴着胸脯入睡。

我挥动冰雹的连枷把绿色原野鞭挞,

直到他有如银装素裹,

再用雨水把冰融掉,我有时哄然大笑,

当我在雷鸣声中走过。


我筛落纷纷雪片,洒遍下界叠嶂重峦,

大松树由于惊恐而呻唤,

皑皑白雪松软,是我通宵达旦的枕垫,

当我在烈风怀抱中入眠。

在我空中楼阁之内,高高端坐着一位,

庄严的闪电,我的驭手,

座下有洞窟一口,雷霆在其中幽囚,

一阵阵挣扎着发出怒吼;

越过海洋和陆地,这位驭手步履轻捷;

温柔地引导我四处巡游,

顺从在紫色波涛深心活跃着的精灵,

以她们的爱对他的引诱。

越过湖泊、山川,越过山岩、平原,

越过连绵起伏的山峰,

无论他梦在何处,他所眷恋的仙女,

永远在山底,在水中;

虽然他会在雨水中消融,而我始终

沐浴天庭蓝色的笑容。


血红的朝阳初升,睁开明亮的眼睛,

当启明星发出惨淡的光辉,

抖开他熊熊烈火的翎羽,一跃而起

跳上我扬帆的飞霞脊背,

像一只飞落的雄鹰,羽翼灿烂如金,

在一座正经历着地震,

不断摇晃、颤抖、不安的峻峭峰巅,

稍事栖息短暂的一瞬。

当落日从下界海域波光潋滟处吐露

渴望爱和安谧的热情,

在黄昏的上空,绯红的帷幕也开始从

天宇的至深处所降临,

我敛翅,安息在清虚的巢内,像鸽子

孵卵时节一样的宁静。


焕发出白色光芒的那位圆脸盘姑娘,

凡人们都称她为月亮,

朦朦胧胧走来,滑行在被夜风所展开的

我那羊毛般的地毯上;

无论她无形的双足,轻轻落在何处,

轻到天使才能听得见,

若是把我帐篷顶部的轻罗踏出裂缝,

星星便从她身后窥探,

我会不禁发笑,看到它们穷奔乱跳,

就像拥挤的金蜂一样。

我会撑大我的风造帐篷裂开的破洞

直到宁静的江湖海洋

仿佛穿过我的隙缝落下的片片天空,

也镶嵌着星星和月亮。


我用燃烧的缎带缠裹那太阳的宝座,

用珠光束腰环抱月亮;

火山会黯然无光,星星颠簸,摇晃——

当旋风把我的大旗张扬;

从地角到地角,仿佛是恢弘的长桥

横跨海洋的波涛汹涌,

我高悬空中,似不透阳光的巨大屋顶,

柱石是那些崇山峻岭。

我携带着雨雪、电火和飓风,穿越

宏伟壮丽的凯旋门拱,

大气的各种威力,把我的车驾挽曳,

门拱是气象万千的彩虹;

火的球体在上空编织着柔媚的颜色,

湿润的大地绽露着笑容。


我原本是那大地和水所育的亲生女,

也是无垠天空的养子,

我往来穿行于陆地和海洋的一切孔隙,

我变化,但是,不死;

因为雨后的天空虽然洁净不染纤尘,

一丝不挂,一览无余,

这时清风和太阳使用那光线凸圆的阳光,

建造起蔚蓝色的穹庐,

我却默默地嘲讽我这虚空的坟冢,

钻出蓄积雨水的洞穴,

像婴儿娩出母体,像鬼魂飞离墓地,

我腾空再次把它拆毁。

雪莱的诗节奏鲜明,音节响亮,音韵优美,富于气势。刘守兰在《英美名诗解读》中认为雪莱的抒情诗“洋溢着鲜明的乐观主义精神,表达了诗人对光明未来的渴望和信心”,以“优美的意境、奔放的激情、细腻的刻画和强烈的音乐感”深受读者喜爱。诗人“一生热爱自然,并在诗歌中倾尽全力去歌颂自然。他喜欢采用拟人化的手法去表现包容一切的大自然,或是把自然描绘成一个精灵”。在其诗中“人类所有的情感,喜、怒、哀、乐都能在自然中得到解释,也都能在自然中怡然得到开脱”。原诗通篇采用行内韵,韵律优美。原诗首节,fresh showers/thirsting flowers/seas/streams/light shade/leaves/wings/dews/sweet buds/mother's breast/Sun/flail/lashing hail/green plains/rain/thunder等意象描写云给大地带来雨水,使草木复苏,焕发生机,又带来降雪和冰雹,使大地银装素裹。胡译“海洋/江河/焦渴的花朵/清新的甘霖/凉荫/绿叶/翅膀/露滴/鲜嫩萌蘖/甜美蓓蕾/太阳/胸脯/冰雹的连枷/绿色原野/雨水/冰/雷鸣声”再现了原诗的意象美。原诗中showers/flowers、shade/laid、shaken/waken、rest/breast、flail/hail、again/rain形成行内韵,胡译“河/朵、叶/歇、蘖/蕾、绕/摇、枷/挞、掉/笑”保留了原诗的行内韵,“鲜嫩萌蘖,甜美蓓蕾”形成排比结构,富于节奏感。

原诗第二节,snow/mountains/pines/pillow white/arms of the blast/bowers/skiey bowers/Lightning/cavern/thunder/Earth and Ocean/purple sea/rills/crags/hills/lakes/plains/mountain/stream/Heaven's blue smile/rains等意象描写云在雷电的引导下翻越山川江河。胡译“纷纷雪片/叠嶂重峦/大松树/皑皑白雪/枕垫/烈风/空中楼阁/庄严的闪电/驭手/洞窟/雷霆/海洋/陆地/驭手/紫色波涛深心/湖泊/山川/山岩/平原/连绵起伏的山峰/雨水/天庭蓝色的笑容”再现了原诗的意象美。原诗中snow/below、right/white、towers/bowers、under/thunder、ocean/motion、love/move、rills/hills、dream/stream、while/smile形成行内韵,胡译“片/峦、软/垫、内/位、口/囚、心/灵、川/原、溶/终”保留了原诗的行内韵。叠字“纷纷”、“皑皑”、“高高”、“阵阵”富于音美,四字语“叠嶂重峦”、“通宵达旦”、“连绵起伏”增强了译诗的文采。原诗Over the rills,and the crags,and the hills/Over the lakes and the plains形成排比结构,描写了在雷电的引导下云翻越山川江河的过程。胡译“越过湖泊、山川,越过山岩、平原/越过连绵起伏的山峰”通过动词“越过”的叠用保留了原诗的排比结构和节奏感。

原诗第三节描写大自然从日出到日落的景色的变化,sanguine Sunrise/meteor eyes/burning plumes/sailing rack/morning star/jag of a mountain crag/eagle alit/light of its golden wings/Sunset/lit sea/crimson pall of eve/Heaven/wings/aery nest/brooding dove等意象富于视觉美,胡译“血红的朝阳/明亮的眼睛/启明星/惨淡的光辉/熊熊烈火的翎羽/扬帆的飞霞脊背/飞落的雄鹰/羽翼/峻峭峰巅/落日/下界海域/波光潋滟处/黄昏的上空/绯红的帷幕/天宇的至深处/清虚的巢内/鸽子”再现了原诗的意象美,“血红”、“灿烂如金”、“绯红”具有强烈的视觉效果,生动地描绘了旭日初升时的瑰丽景象。原诗中Sunrise/eyes、back/rack、jag/crag、alit/sit、breathe/beneath、pall/fall、rest/nest形成行内韵,胡译“鹰/金、颤/巅、域/露、空/从、翅/子”保留了原诗的行内韵,叠韵“惨淡”、“灿烂”、“栖息”、“短暂”、“潋滟”、“宁静”、叠字“熊熊”、双声“羽翼”富于音美。原诗用leaps/rocks/swings等动词表现了大自然的生机和活力,胡译“抖开”、“一跃而起”、“跳上”生动地再现了启明星蓬勃升起的过程。

原诗第四节描写月夜里星星闪烁的景象,orbed maiden/white fire/Moon/fleecelike floor/breezes/angles/woof of my tent's thin roof/stars/golden bees/windbuilt tent/calm rivers/lakes/seas/strips of the sky/moon等意象富于视觉美。胡译“白色光芒/圆脸盘姑娘/夜风/羊毛般的地毯/帐篷顶部的轻罗/裂缝/拥挤的金蜂/风造帐篷裂开的破洞/宁静的江湖海洋/片片天空/星星/月亮”再现了原诗的意象美。原诗中maiden/laden、beat/feet、woof/roof、see/flee、rent/tent、sky/high形成行内韵,glides glimmering形成头韵,富于音美。胡译“芒/娘、来/开、足/处、蓬/缝、笑/跳、缝/空”保留了原诗的行内韵,叠字“朦朦胧胧”、“轻轻”、“片片”、叠韵“宁静”富于音美。

原诗第五节描写了风、雨、雷、电、云的磅礴气势,Sun's throne/burning zone/Moon/girdle of pearl,volcanoes/stars/whirlwinds/banner/cape/bridge-like shape/torrent sea/Sunbeam/roof/mountains/columns/arch/hurricane/fire/snow/chair/millioncolored bow/spherefire/soft colours/moist Earth等意象富于视觉美。胡译“燃烧的缎带/太阳的宝座/珠光/月亮/火山/星星/旋风/大旗/地角/长桥/波涛汹涌/巨大屋顶/柱石/崇山峻岭/雨雪/电火/飓风/凯旋门拱/车驾/气象万千的彩虹/火的球体/柔媚的颜色/湿润的大地”再现了原诗的意象美。原诗中throne/zone、dim/swim、cape/shape、proof/roof、arch/march、air/chair、above/wove形成行内韵。胡译“裹/座”、“光/晃”、“角/桥”、“雪/越”、“拱/虹”保留了原诗的行内韵,双声(“缎带”、“恢弘”)、叠韵(“黯然”、“张扬”、“汹涌”)富于音美。动词“缠裹”、“束腰环抱”、“颠簸”、“摇晃”、“张扬”、“高悬”、“携带”、“穿越”、“挽曳”、“编织”、“绽露”生动地再现了大自然中风、雨、雷、电、云的流动和变化。

原诗第六节描写云的流动和变化周而复始,循环往复,永不停息,pores of the ocean and shores/rain/pavilion of Heaven/winds/sunbeams/convex/blue dome of air/cenotaph/caverns of rain等意象富于视觉美。胡译“大地/水/无垠天空的养子/陆地/海洋/孔隙/雨后的天空/清风/太阳/光线凸圆的阳光/蔚蓝色的穹庐/虚空的坟冢/蓄积雨水的洞穴”再现了原诗的意象美。原诗中daughter/water、pores/shores、rain/stain、sunbeams/gleams、laugh/cenotaph、womb/tomb形成头韵,胡译“地/隙、阳/光、讽/冢、体/地”保留了原诗的行内韵,双声“洁净”、叠字“默默”富于音美,“一丝不挂,一览无余”形成排比结构,节奏鲜明。