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原作神话意象和原型意象的再现

第八节

原作神话意象和原型意象的再现

文学作品常常通过神话和原型意象来表达深刻复杂的思想感情和文化内涵,表现特定民族的世界观、人生观、价值观、艺术审美观、思维方式、语言观等,蕴含了民族文化心理的深厚积淀。文学语言是一种文化符号,作品的词语能传达一定的文化内涵,而且作品整体能传达一种总体的文化寓意。不同民族的文学都有自己特定的神话和原型意象,西方文化富于宗教色彩,其文学作品中的原型意象有不少是宗教意象,包含了深刻的宗教体验。译者要深入全面地了解源语文化和译语文化,深刻领悟原作神话和原型意象所包含的文化意蕴,力求通过译语将其传达出来。下面是英国诗人济慈的Ode to Psyche和何功杰的译文:

O Goddess!Hear these tuneless numbers,wrung

By sweet enforcement and remembrance dear,

And pardon that thy secrets should be sung.

Even into thine own soft-conched ear:

Surely I dreamt to-day,or did I see

The winged psyche with awakened eyes?

I wander'd in a forest thoughtlessly,

And,on the sudden,fainting with surprise,

Saw two fair creatures,couched side by side

In deepest grass,beneath the whisp?????ring roof

Of leaves and trembled blossoms,where there ran

A brooklet,scarce espied:

‘Mid hush’d,cool-rooted flowers,fragranteyed,

Blue,silver-white,and budded Tyrian,

They lay calm breathing on the bedded grass;

Their arms embraced,and their pinions too;

Their lips touch'd not,but had not bade adieu,

As if disjoined by soft-handed slumber,

And ready still past kisses to outnumber

At tender eye-dawn of aurorean love:

The winged boy I knew;

But who wast thou,O happy dove?

His psyche true.


O latest born and loveliest vision far

Of all Olympus' faded hierarchy!

Fairer than Phoebe's sapphire-region'd star,

Or Vesper,amorous glow-worm of the sky;

Fairer than these,though temple thou hast none,

Nor altar heap'd with flowers;

Nor virgin-choir to make delicious moan

Upon the midnight hours;

No voice,no lute,no pipe,no incense sweet

From chain-swung censer teeming;

No shrine,no grove,no oracle,no heat

Of pale-mouth'd prophet dreaming.


O brightest!though too late for antique vows,

Too,too late for the fond believing lyre,

When holy were the hunted forest boughs,

Holy the air,the water,and the fire;

Yet even in these days so far retir'd

From happy pieties,thy lucent fans,

Fluttering among the faint Olympians.

I see,and sing,by my own eyes inspired.

So let me be thy choir,and make a moan

Upon the midnight hours;

Thy voice,thy lute,thy pipe,thy incense sweet

From swinged censer teeming;

Thy shrine,thy grove,thy oracle,thy heat

Of pale-mouth'd prophet dreaming.


Yes,I will be thy priest,and build a fane

In some untrodden region of my mind,

Where branched thoughts,new grown with pleasant pair

Instead of pines shall murmur in the wind:

Far,far around shall those dark-cluster'd trees

Fledge the wild-ridged mountains steep by steep;

And here by zephyrs,streams,and birds,and bees,

The moss-lain Dryads shall be lull'd to sleep;

And in the midst of this wide quietness A rosy sanctuary will I dress

With the wreath'd trellis of a working brain,

With buds,and bells,and stars without a name,

With all the gardener Fancy e'er could feign,

Who breeding flowers,will never breed the same.

And there shall be for these all soft delight

That shadowy thought can win,

A bright torch,and casement ope at night,

To let the warm Love in!


哦,女神,请听这没有音调的歌,

它来自甜蜜的苦思和亲切的回忆,

请原谅,我竟把你的秘密唱给

你自己海螺般柔软的耳朵听:

难道我是白日做梦,或是睁开眼睛,

看见了你这长翅的普赛克女神?

我在林中漫游,心中一无所思,

突然间,我诧异得发愣,

我看见两个生灵,肩并肩藏卧

在深草中,在窃窃私语的绿叶下,

花儿摇曳,溪水潺潺,

没有人来此探看:

蓝色的,银白色的花朵和紫色花蕾,

沉着镇静,默默地飘着清香;

他们躺着平静地呼吸,以草为床,

双臂拥抱着,羽翼也相连;

嘴唇虽未接触,但也没有离远,

仿佛睡神之手轻轻把他们分开,

当黎明女神爱恋温柔的眼睛亮起来,

他们还准备继续更多的吻爱。

我认识那位长翅的男孩,

但是,哦,幸福的鸽子,你是谁?

他的普赛克,真心相随!


哦,你诞生得最晚,但也最美丽,

奥林帕斯山上的众女神远不如你,

他们已红消艳退!皎洁的月神也逊色;

维纳斯也难和你相比,虽是空中明灯;

你比他们都美,虽然你没有殿堂,

也没有堆满鲜花的祭坛;

没有童女唱诗班在半夜时光

为你美妙动人地吟唱;

没有歌声,没有诗琴,没有箫管,

没有从袅绕的香炉中飘出的馨香;

没有神龛,没有园林,没有神谕坛,

没有嘴唇苍白的先知热情把你梦想。


哦,最明亮的女神!你生得太晚没赶上

人们崇尚的古琴和古老的宣誓

那时,林中枝叶,空气,流水和火光

都有神灵出现,都是神圣无比;

即使在今天,幸福的虔诚已远离我们,

你那光辉明亮的羽翼依然在振荡,

在失色的奥林帕斯山众女神中间飞翔。

我凭灵感看见了你,凭灵感歌唱,

让我做你的唱诗班,轻轻吟唱,

在深沉的午夜时光;

做你的声音,做你的诗琴和箫管,

做你的馨香,从悬挂的香炉中飘香;

做你的神龛,你的园林,你的神谕坛,

像嘴唇苍白的先知热情地把你宣扬。


是的,我将做你的牧师,在我

那圣洁的灵府深处,为你建座殿堂,

那里,思想在愉快的痛苦中长出新枝,

像青松一样随风细语喃喃:

这些幽暗的丛林像长羽一样覆盖着

四周远近荒野的重重高山;

这里的和风,溪流,百鸟和野蜂,

把躺在苔藓上的林仙催入睡乡;

在广阔无垠的静寂之中

我将为你装饰起一座圣殿,

在大脑作用下产生的花环结构,

用蓓蕾、铃铛和不知名的星星,

还用园丁“幻想”所能想象到的一切本领,

培养鲜花,但品种永远不同;

那里将有幽思所能获得的一切温柔

和欢欣,可以供你享受,

一把明亮的火炬,一扇窗扉晚间敞开,

让温情的爱神飞越进来。

在希腊神话中普赛克原是凡世的一个美女,与女神维纳斯之子丘比特相恋。维纳斯嫉妒其美貌,想阻挠其与丘比特的恋情。普赛克几经磨难,终与丘比特结为良缘,自己也升入天堂,变成了美丽的仙子。原诗抒发了诗人对女神普赛克的赞美之情。原诗首节写“我”心中珍藏着一段美好的回忆,sweet、dear表达了“我”对普赛克和丘比特的喜爱。“我”在梦中游荡,无意间发现了热恋中的普赛克和丘比特,作品通过视觉意象(winged Psyche、trembled leaves、blue,silverwhite and budded Tyrian、tender eye、winged boy)、听觉意象(whisp'ring roof)、触觉意象(coolrooted flowers)等描绘了一幅优美的景色和普赛克与丘比特热恋的场面。何译“它来自甜蜜的苦思和亲切的回忆”用“甜蜜”、“亲切”传达了“我”对普赛克和丘比特的喜爱,“深草”、“窃窃私语的绿叶”、“花儿摇曳,溪水潺潺”、“蓝色的,银白色的花朵和紫色花蕾”再现了原诗意象的视觉美和听觉美。“他们躺着平静地呼吸,以草为床/双臂拥抱着,羽翼也相连/嘴唇虽未接触,但也没有离远/仿佛睡神之手轻轻把他们分开/当黎明女神爱恋温柔的眼睛亮起来/他们还准备继续更多的吻爱”生动地再现了普赛克与丘比特热恋的场面,“真心相随”准确地传达了普赛克与丘比特之间真挚的爱情。

原诗第二节写普赛克从凡人变为天仙,作品用一组排比否定句,强调普赛克作为晚到者在众女神中地位最低。第三、五行中两个Fairer分别放在行首,相互呼应,强调普赛克容貌出众,力压群芳。何译保留了原诗由no引导的排比结构,“红消艳退”强调普赛克美貌出众,“堆满鲜花的祭坛”、“袅绕的香炉中飘出的馨香”、“嘴唇苍白的先知”生动地再现了原诗意象的视觉美和嗅觉美。

原诗第三节,O brightest!though too late for antique vows把Brightest放在行首,语气强烈,表达了诗人对普赛克美貌的赞美。Too,too late for the fond believing lyre/When holy were the hunted forest boughs/Holy the air,the water,and the fire中too late与上节的latest相呼应,两个holy前置,渲染了宗教色彩和氛围。原诗第二节用了No引导的一组排比否定句,强调普赛克地位低下,第三节用一组排比肯定句与其形成对比,强调普赛克在诗人心中地位崇高,愿意为她奉献上她理所应得的东西。视觉意象(palemouth'd prophet、thy lucent fans)、听觉意象(whisp'ring roof)、嗅觉意象(thy incense sweet)抒发了诗人对普赛克的赞美之情。何译保留了原诗的排比肯定句,“最明亮的女神”传达了诗人对普赛克美貌的赞美,“神灵”、“神圣无比”用词灵活。“你那光辉明亮的羽翼依然在振荡”中“光辉明亮”与上文的“最明亮”相呼应,“我凭灵感看见了你,凭灵感歌唱”中“灵感”的叠用语气强烈。

原诗第四节写诗人从普赛克那里获得了灵感、幻想和激情,他要用优美的诗歌为她修建一座殿堂(fane),在这艺术的圣地里与普赛克进行精神的交流。darkcluster'd trees、mosslain Dryads、lull'd to sleep描绘了诗人所构想的精神家园安宁幽静的氛围。rosy sanctuary、wreath'd trellis、bright torch等意象生动地描绘了诗人幻想中的艺术圣殿,诗人凭借丰富的想象和联想(With all the gardener Fancy e'er could feign),用如诗如画的语言描绘了一个奇幻的艺术世界。何译“细语喃喃”、“幽暗”、“催入睡乡”再现了诗人所构想的精神家园安宁幽静的氛围。“温柔”、“欢欣”、“温情”传达了诗人想象中的艺术圣殿给普赛克带来的幸福和欢乐。下面是英国诗人柯勒律治的Kubla Khan和何功杰的译文:

In Xanadu did Kubla Khan

A stately pleasure-dome decree:

Where Alph,the sacred river,ran

Though caverns measureless to man

Down to a sunless sea.

So twice five miles of fertile ground

With walls and towers were gilded round:

And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills,

Where blossom'd many an incensebearing tree;

And here were forests ancient as the hills,

Enfolding sunny spots of greenery.

But oh!That deep romantic chasm which slanted

Down the green hill athwart a cedarn cover!

A savage place!As holy and enchanted

As e'er beneath a waning moon was haunted

By woman wailing for her demon-love!


And from this chasm,with ceaseless turmoil seething,

As if this earth in fast thick pants were breathing,

A mighty fountain momently was forced:

Amid whose swift half-intermitted burst

Huge fragments vaulted rebounding hail,

Or chaffy grain beneath the thresher's flail,

And'mid these dancing rocks at once and ever

It flung up momently the sacred river.

Five miles meandering with a mazy motion

Through wood and dale the sacred river ran,

Then reached the caverns measureless to man,

And sank in tumult to a lifeless ocean:

And'mid this tumult Kubla heard from far

Ancestral voices prophesying war!

The shadow of the dome of pleasure

Floated midway on the waves;

Where was heard the mingled measure

From the fountain and the caves.

It was a miracle of rare device,

A sunny pleasure-dome with caves of ice!


A damsel with a dulcimer

In a vision once I saw:

It was Abyssinian maid,

And on her dulcimer she played,

Singing of Mount Abora,

Could I revive within me,

Her symphony and song,

To such a deep delight'twould win me,

That with music loud and long,

I would build that dome in air,

That sunny dome!Those caves of ice!

And all who heard should see them there

And all should cry:Beware!Beware!

His flashing eyes,his floating hair!

Weave a circle round him thrice,

And close your eyes with holy dread,

For he on honey-dew hath fed,

And drunk the milk of Paradise.


忽必烈下了一道旨令,

在上都建造一座堂皇的欢乐宫:

那里有条阿尔夫圣河,流经

深不可测的大山洞,然后注进

见不到阳光的大海之中。

于是周围十英里肥沃的土地,

用围墙和塔楼把四周围起;

这里花园处处,小溪弯弯,波光粼粼,

到处是芬芳的花儿开满枝条,

还有古如山峰一样的老树林

拥抱着葱翠草地,阳光幽幽。

但是,噢!那充满浪漫色彩的峡谷

沿青山倾斜而下,穿过雪松林地;

荒野之地!永远神圣,永具魅力,

黯淡的月光下常有一个女人出没,

为她的鬼神情人哭泣!


有一股巨大的清泉从这深渊峡谷

不断地翻腾喧嚣着向外喷出,

宛如这大地在湍急地呼吸!

那断断续续地迅速喷出的飞瀑,带出

一块块巨大的碎石片,像冰雹弹跳着,

或像谷壳在连枷之下飞扬:

在这些永远跳跃的碎石之间

一条圣河瞬间奔腾而出。

五英里蜿蜒流动,宛如迷津,

穿过谷地,穿过森林,

进入一个深不可测的大山洞,

最后呼啸着沉入无生命的海中:

在这呼啸声中忽必烈听到

久远的祖先预言战争的声调!

欢乐宫的倒影

在水波中间浮动;

那里可以听到谐和的乐音,

来自山泉,来自穴洞,

那是一个罕见的设计奇迹,

朝阳宫宇和冰凌穴洞连在一起!


我曾在幻觉中见到,

一位抱着古琴的少女:

她是一位阿比西尼亚姑娘,

一面弹着她的古琴,

一面唱着阿巴拉山之歌。

如果我能重新回想起

那支交响曲,能唱那首歌,

我将感到由衷的无比欣喜,

我会久久地高唱那首歌曲,

在空中建造起那座欢乐宫,

那座朝阳宫殿!那些冰凌山洞!

让所有听到那歌曲的人都会见到它,

都会惊奇地呼喊:当心!当心!

他那闪烁的目光,他那飘飞的头发,

怀着既崇敬又害怕的圣洁之情,

闭上你的双眼,围着他绕行三圈,

因为他曾以甘露为食粮,

喝过天堂里的乳浆。

原诗描写了大量的超现实神话意象。据诗人自述,该诗写于诗人梦醒之后,描绘了其奇谲朦胧的梦中体验。原诗首节描写诗人梦中的“欢乐宫”(pleasure-dome)和“阿尔夫圣河”(Alph)的景象,measureless、sunless描写山洞(caverns)和大海(sea)的幽深,与下文的bright、sunny形成暗与明的对比,富于视觉美。“欢乐宫”附近绿草如茵,繁花似锦,何译用四字语“花园处处”、“小溪弯弯”、“波光粼粼”、“葱翠草地”、“阳光幽幽”生动地再现了“欢乐宫”四周优美的景色和静谧的环境。原诗第二节描写阿尔夫圣河在峡谷和森林中蜿蜒曲行,神圣而富于魅力,savage、holy、enchanted、haunted、demon-love渲染了一种神秘阴森的氛围,富于柔美,何译“永远神圣,永具魅力”传达了原诗神秘圣洁的氛围。阿尔夫圣河一路奔腾咆哮,气势磅礴,turmoil、mighty、swift、burst、rebounding、flung up表现了一种壮美。何译用“翻腾”、“喧嚣”、“喷出”、“弹跳”、“飞扬”、“奔腾”等一组动词生动地再现了原诗所描绘的阿尔夫圣河奔腾咆哮的磅礴气势。meandering、mazy、measureless描写阿尔夫圣河蜿蜒曲折,奔流入海,何译“蜿蜒流动”、“穿过谷地,穿过森林”再现了阿尔夫圣河蜿蜒前行的景象。阿尔夫圣河谷的景色如梦如幻,让诗人浮想联翩,联想起古代的神话传说,shadow、miracle、rare渲染了一种神秘色彩,何译再现了原诗意象所描写的梦幻神秘的景象。原诗第三节写诗人在梦幻中仿佛听到古代少女的琴声,这来自“欢乐宫”的天籁之音如泣如诉,让诗人如痴如醉,何译“由衷的无比欣喜”、“久久地高唱”传达了少女的琴声带给诗人的欣喜和愉悦。诗人迷离恍惚之中感受到一种神圣敬畏的体验(holy dread),意象flashing eyes、floating hair富于视觉美。何译“崇敬”、“害怕”、“圣洁”传达了诗人神圣敬畏的情感体验,“闪烁的目光”、“飘飞的头发”再现了原诗意象的视觉美。