第二节
社会意象的翻译
文学作品的文化意象除了自然意象外,还包含社会意象。中国文学作品的社会意象传达了汉民族的审美情感和心理体验,蕴涵了儒家、道家、佛家文化思想的深厚积淀。中国文化是一种德性文化,强调人伦道德,汉文学作品的社会意象富于人文伦理情味。在中国文学中“楼”这一文化意象蕴含了汉民族特有的空间意识,中国文人登楼远眺,思古忧今,慷慨悲歌,壮怀激烈,其作品展现了一种阔大辽远的意境空间。北宋着名爱国将领岳飞的《满江红》抒发了一位民族英雄壮志未酬的悲愤之情,作品荡气回肠,震撼人心,下面是原诗和许渊冲的译文:
怒发冲冠,凭栏处,潇潇雨歇。抬望眼,仰天长啸,壮怀激烈。三十功名尘与土,八千里路云和月。莫等闲白了少年头,空悲切。
靖康耻,犹未雪;臣子恨,何时灭?驾长车,踏破贺兰山缺。壮志饥餐胡虏肉,笑谈渴饮匈奴血。待从头收拾旧山河,朝天阙。
Wrath sets on end my hair,
I lean on railings where
I see the drizzling rain has ceased.
Raising my eyes
Toward the skies,
I heave long sighs,
My wrath not yet appeased.
To dust is gone the fame achieved at thirty years;
Like cloud-veiled moon the thousandmile land disappears.
Should youthful heads in vain turn grey,
We would regret for aye.
Lost our capital,
What a burning shame!
How can we generals
Quench our vengeful flame!
Driving our chariots of war,we'd go
To break through our relentless foe.
Valiantly we would cut off each head;
Laughing we'd drink the blood they shed.
When we've reconquered our lost land,
In triumph would return our army grand.
岳飞率领的岳家军英勇善战,屡次重创入侵中原的金人,收复了大片失地。然而朝廷昏庸腐败,岳飞遭奸臣陷害,被处死在风波亭。原词写诗人凭栏远眺,想到自己对朝廷赤胆忠心,南征北战,出生入死,立下赫赫战功,而统治者却听信奸臣的谗言,自己遭无端陷害。诗人一生胸怀远大抱负,立志收复失地、重整山河。正当大业将成之际,他却含冤入狱,想到自己壮志未酬,再也不能驰骋疆场、为国效力,内心何其悲愤和痛苦。许译上阕,Wrath sets on end my hair中wrath意思是extreme anger,表达了诗人满腔的悲愤,与下文My wrath not yet appeased中的wrath相照应。heave long sighs表现诗人为自己遭受冤屈感到激愤,对天长叹,内心难以平静。To dust is gone the fame achieved at thirty years/Like cloud-veiled moon the thousandmile land disappears将to dust/like cloud-veiled moon分别放在句首,强调诗人对自己壮志未酬的深深遗憾。Should youthful heads in vain turn grey/We would regret for aye用虚拟语气,表达了诗人对自己未能实现青春理想和生命价值的强烈遗憾。下阕What a burning shame!/How can we generals/Quench our vengeful flame!用两个感叹句,语气强烈,表达了诗人对祖国山河沦落而自己却报国无门的极度忧愤,flame与burning相呼应,表达了诗人对外敌和朝廷奸臣的满腔怒火。To break through our relentless foe中relentless表现了敌人的凶残,Valiantly we would cut off each head/Laughing we'd drink the blood they shed将valiantly、laughing分别放在句首,表现了岳家军将士们英勇无畏、视死如归的英雄气概。In triumph would return our army grand将in triumph放在句首,表达了诗人对未来岳家军收复国土、凯旋而还的期盼,grand表现了岳家军的威武雄姿。
在中国古诗中“深院”、“章台”等文化意象传达了对故国、恋人、亲友的思念,表现了浓厚的温馨淳美的人伦情味。中国文化是一种内敛性的文化,中国文学中的“深院”意象反映了汉民族内收的文化心理,中国诗人从“深院”的视角感悟自然,体验生命,可谓以小观大。李清照的诗词描写了大量的“深院”意象,下面是《浣溪沙》和许渊冲的译文:
髻子伤春慵更梳,晚风庭院落梅初。淡云来往月疏疏。
玉鸭熏炉闲瑞脑,朱樱斗帐掩流苏。通犀还解辟寒无?
My grief over parting spring leaves uncombed my hair;
In wind-swept court begin to fall mume blossoms fair.
The moon is veiled by pale clouds floating in the air.
Unlit the censer and unburnt the camphor stay;
The curtain,cherry red,
Falls with its tassels spread.
Could the rinohorn keep my chamber's cold away?
原词上阕写诗人对远方的丈夫朝思暮想,以至于懒于梳妆,许译My grief over parting spring leaves uncombed my hair中uncombed放在my hair之前,强调诗人因思念丈夫而懒于梳妆。The moon is veiled by pale clouds floating in the air中veiled生动地传达了“淡云来往月疏疏”的朦胧意境。原词下阕写诗人“让帐子散乱地掩盖着流苏,可见她的心情混乱”,她“问挂在帐子上有一条白线直通尖顶的犀牛角能不能使她的内心避开寒冷?可见她感觉凄凉到了什么地步”。许译Unlit the censer and unburnt the camphor stay中unlit与unburnt分别放在censer与camphor之前,强调诗人百无聊赖,寂寥孤独。The curtain,cherry red中cherry red再现了原词意象的色彩美,Could the rino-horn keep my chamber's cold away?保留了原词的问句形式,语气强烈,传达了诗人内心的凄楚哀婉。下面是《临江仙》和许渊冲的译文:
庭院深深深几许?云窗雾阁春天迟。为谁憔悴损芳姿?夜来清梦好,应是发南枝。
玉瘦檀轻无限恨,南楼羌管休吹。浓香吹尽又谁知?
暖风迟日也,别到杏花肥。
Deep,deep the courtyard where I live,how deep?
Spring comes late to my cloud-and-mist-veiled bower.
For whom should I languish and pine?
Last night good dreams came in my sleep;
Your southern branches should be in flower.
Your fragile jade on the sandalwood fine
Can't bear the sorrow.
Don't play the flute in southern tower!
Who knows when your strong fragrance will be blown away?
The warm breeze lengthens vernal day
Don't love the apricot which blooms tomorrow!
原词上阕写诗人独居深闺,在一个春日的夜晚思念远方的丈夫,内心悲苦凄凉,“云窗雾阁”表现了一种朦胧蕴藉的意境。许译Deep,deep the courtyard where I live,how deep连用三个deep,与“庭院深深深几许”中的三个“深”相对应,一咏三叹,语气强烈,传达了原词的音美和意美。Spring comes late to my cloud-and-mist-veiled bower中veiled生动地再现了原词意象的朦胧缥缈之美。For whom should I languish and pine中languish、pine再现了诗人因思念丈夫而憔悴疲惫的形象。原词下阕写“早梅因为无限的相思而玉殒香消,连梅枝也消瘦了”,诗人希望“丈夫莫吹笛子,莫把早梅吹落”,她希望“等待春风变暖,春日变长,梅花落尽,杏花盛开的时候,丈夫不要忘了梅花,又去另寻新欢啊!”诗人以梅喻人,委婉含蓄地表达了对丈夫既思念又担心的复杂感受。许译Don't play the flute in southern tower!/Don't love the apricot which blooms tomorrow!保留了原诗的祈使句式,语气强烈,传达了诗人对丈夫既思念又担心的复杂感受。下面是《怨王孙》和许渊冲的译文:
帝里春晚,重门深院,草绿阶前。暮天雁断,楼上远信谁传?恨绵绵!
多情自是多沾惹,难拼舍,又是寒食也。秋千巷陌人静,皎月初斜,浸梨花。
In the capital spring is late;
Closed are the courtyard door and gate.
Before the marble steps the grass grows green;
In the evening sky no more wild geese are seen.
Who will send from my bowers letters for my dear?
Long,long will my grief appear!
This sight would strike a chord in my sentimental heart.
Could I leave him apart?
Again comes Cold Food Day.
In quiet lane the swing won't sway;
The slanting moon still sheds her light
To drown pear blossoms white.
原词上阕写暮春的都城里重门紧闭,庭院紧锁,大雁南飞,诗人思念远方的丈夫,却又无人能捎去书信,她内心十分伤感郁闷。许译Closed are the courtyard door and gate中closed放在句首,强调门庭紧锁,凄凉冷清。Before the marble steps the grass grows green中grass grows green形成头韵,富于音美。Who will send from my bowers letters for my dear保留了原词的问句形式,dear传达了诗人对丈夫的深厚感情。Long,long will my grief appear!用倒装句式将long放在句首,long的叠用传达了诗人对远方丈夫的无尽思念。原词下阕写诗人整日思念丈夫,内心被思绪所缠绕。夜色渐深,四周寂静无声,皓月当空,诗人睹月思人,沉浸在无尽的离愁别绪之中。许译This sight would strike a chord in my sentimental heart中strike a chord/sentimental传达了诗人触景生情、多愁善感的情感体验,Could I leave him apart?用问句形式语气强烈,传达了诗人对远方丈夫深厚的感情。In quiet lane the swing won't sway/The slanting moon still sheds her light/To drown pear blossoms white中swing与sway,slanting与still sheds形成头韵,富于音美,drown明写梨花浸沐在月色中,暗写诗人沉浸在无尽的离愁之中。
与中国文化相比,西方文化是一种智性文化,强调理智与情感、灵魂与肉体之间的对立与冲突,强调理性思辨,西方文学作品的社会意象往往包含了深刻的宗教体验和思辨色彩。胡晓明在《中国诗学之精神》中认为,西方文化以柏拉图式精神恋爱为最圣洁崇高者,其爱情观从最初的肉体意识“上升至许多肉体中所包含的优美,最终,在意念的王国里,肉体被扬弃、升华,达到爱情的纯精神、抽象的本质”。这种精神之恋“由肉体上升为灵魂,如仙,如神,如生命之再生,生命光华之放射”,追求灵魂的解脱升华和精神的自由,而中国诗人的精神之恋是“由现在回溯过去,如酒,如轻烟,如清梦,为生命之重温、生命源头之吮吸”。西方诗歌多描写上帝、诸神、魔鬼和天使,表达宗教情感,而汉诗富于伦理型情感,“父母、妻女、兄弟、友朋在中国诗人心目中占据极重要的地位”,故乡和家庭“永远是与肃杀凄冷的秋世界,与辛酸寂寞的江湖味,相对立而存在的一个价值世界”。朱光潜在《诗论》中认为中国人重视婚姻而轻视恋爱,中国诗人“只求在恋爱中消遣人生”,他们认为只有“潦倒无聊,悲观厌世的人才肯公然寄情于声色”;西方诗人“要在恋爱中实现人生”,其爱情诗多写于婚姻之前,故“称赞容貌诉申爱慕者最多”,中国爱情诗多写于婚姻之后,故“最佳者往往是惜别悼亡”。
汉民族留恋和平安宁的家园,即便从军打仗,也是为了保卫和平的家园。西方民族富于冒险精神,渴望在他乡异域闯荡探险,成为情人心中的勇敢骑士。在西方文学中爱神是常见的文化意象,它传达了追求自由的思想和宗教体验带来的幸福感,下面是英国诗人勒夫莱斯的To Althea,from Prison和何功杰的译文:
When love with unconfined wings
Hovers within my gates,
And my divine Althea brings
To whisper at the gates;
When I lie tangled in her hair
And fettered to her eye,
The gods that wanton in the air
Know no such liberty.
When flowing cups run swiftly round,
With no allaying Thames,
Our careless heads with roses bound,
Our hearts with royal flames;
When thirsty grief in wine we steep,
When health and draughts go free,
Fishes that tipple in the deep
Know no such liberty.
When,like committed linnets I
With shriller throat shall sing
The sweetness,mercy,majesty,
And glories of my king:
When I shall voice loud how good
He is,how great should be,
Enlarged winds,that curl the flood,
Know no such liberty.
Stone walls do not a prison make,
Nor iron bars a cage:
Minds innocent and quiet take That for a hermitage.
If I have freedom in my love,
And in my soul am free,
Angels alone,that soar above,
Enjoy such liberty.
当爱神展开自由的羽翼
在我这重重的牢门内翱翔,
把圣洁的爱尔西娅带到这里,
趴着铁栅轻声地倾诉衷肠;
当我被她的乱发缠住,
被她的双眸羁留,
在空中纵情嬉戏的神物,
也不如我自由。
当漫溢的酒杯在飞快地旋转,
散发着不掺河水的美酒醇香,
我们无忧的头颅上戴着玫瑰花冠,
我们的心儿随着忠诚的烛焰跳荡;
当我们为健康和幸福而举杯频频,
当我们把焦渴的悲伤泡进了美酒,
任凭鱼儿在深潭里惬意地啜饮,
也不如我自由。
当我像一只红鸟,虽然
被关在笼里,我却要放声歌唱,
国王的美好、仁慈、尊严,
和他那至高无上的荣光;
他是何等善良,何等伟大的君王!
当我赞颂时放开了歌喉,
飘荡的大风把洪水卷成巨浪
也不如我自由。
石头砌不成一座监狱,
栅栏也编不就一个牢笼:
清白无辜的思想正好在里面幽居,
以那隐士的生活为荣;
如果我在爱情上有了自由的意志,
心灵也不受任何拘囿,
唯有那高高遨游的天使,
才能享受到这样的自由。
原诗首节,主人公身陷囹圄,但当他想象情人爱尔西娅来到他身边时,心中充满喜悦。两个由when引导的从句形成排比结构,末行的liberty与第二、三、四节末尾的liberty相呼应,强调了诗人对自由的渴望和追求。何译“被她的乱发缠住/被她的双眸羁留”保留了tangled in her hair/fettered to her eye的排比结构,富于节奏感。“重重”强调牢狱的森严,与“翱翔”形成对比,表达了主人公对自由的强烈渴望和追求。原诗第二节写主人公与爱尔西娅沉浸在爱河中,尽情享受着爱情的甜蜜,careless/flames/free表达了主人公内心的愉悦和幸福。三个由When引导的从句形成排比结构。何译保留了原诗的排比结构,四字语“美酒醇香、举杯频频”传达了爱情带给主人公的无比甜蜜和幸福。原诗第三节,sweetness/mercy/majesty/glories/good/great表达了主人公对国王的颂扬和崇敬。两个由When引导的从句形成排比结构,感叹句how good/how great语气强烈,强调了主人公对国王的崇拜和敬仰。何译基本保留了原诗的排比结构,“美好”、“仁慈”、“尊严”、“至高无上”、“善良”、“伟大”传达了主人公对国王的敬仰。原诗第四节写诗人虽身陷囹圄,但其精神却能自由翱翔。原诗前三节都以否定句Know no such liberty结尾,第四节用肯定句Enjoy such liberty结尾,描写主人公的情感抒发达到了高潮。何译“高高遨游”表达了主人公对自由的渴望和期盼。
中国文化强调主体的道德修养,以圣人为人格理想;西方文化强调英雄崇拜,以英雄为人格理想。西方文学的爱情之作多描写天神、骑士、武士等形象,下面是英国诗人济慈的La Belle Dame Sans Merci:A Ballad和何功杰的译文:
O what can ail thee,knight-at-arms,
Alone and palely loitering?
The sedge has withered from the lake,
And no birds sing.
O what can ail thee,knight-at-arms,
So haggard and so woe-begone?
The squirrel's granary is full,
And the harvest's done.
I see a lily on the brow
With anguish moist and fever dew;
And on thy cheek a fading rose
Fast withereth too.
I met a lady in the meads;
Full beautiful,a faery's child;
Her hair was long,her foot was light,
And her eyes were wild.
I made a garland for her head,
And bracelets too,and fragrant zone;
She looked at me as she did love,
And made sweet moan.
I set her on my pacing steed,
And nothing else saw all day long,
For sidelong would she bend,and sing
A faery's song.
She found me roots of relish sweet,
And honey wild and manna dew,
And sure in language strange she said -
I love thee true!
She took me to her elfin grot,
And there she wept and sighed full sore;
And there I shut her wild,wild eyes
With kisses four.
And there she lulled me asleep,
And there I dreamed - Ah!Woe betide!
The latest dream I ever dreamed
On the cold hill's side.
I saw pale kings and princes too,
Pale warriors,death-pale were they all;
Who cried - “La belle dame sans merci
Hath thee in thrall!”
I saw their starved lips in the gloam
With horrid warning gaped wide
And I awoke and found me here
On the cold hill's side.
And this is why I sojourn here
Alone and palely loitering?
The sedge has withered from the lake,
And no birds sing.
哦,什么使你难过,武士,
脸色苍白,独自在此游荡?
湖边的芦苇已经枯萎,
也没有鸟儿歌唱。
哦,什么使你难过,武士,
你如此憔悴,愁眉不展
松鼠的粮仓已经堆得满满,
丰收的庄稼已经收完。
我看见你的额上有朵百合,
带着痛苦的润湿和发热的泪珠,
你脸颊上的玫瑰也褪红,
并且很快就要萎枯。
我在草地上遇见一位贵妇,
像仙女下凡,无比漂亮;
她的头发长长,步履轻盈,
眼中闪烁着野性的光。
我编织一个花环戴在她头上,
还为了她编织了手镯和腰带;
她凝视着我,甜甜地呻吟着,
仿佛真的对我表示钟爱。
我扶她骑上我的骏马,
整天我什么都没有注意,
因为她弯腰靠在我的胸前,
唱着神仙歌谣使我着迷。
她寻来甜根给我品尝,
还有夜蜜和吗哪露供我畅饮,
真的,她用奇特的语言对我说:
我爱你出自真心!
她把我带进一个妖洞,
然后开始叹息,哭泣,
我把她那疯疯癫癫的双眼合上,
四次亲吻她的双唇才息。
她在那里把我哄诱入睡,
不久我做了一个梦——呵,多恐怖!
那是我做的最后一个梦,
就在那半山腰,寒风簌簌。
梦中我见到了国王和王子,
还有勇士,脸色全都惨白如亡徒,
他们同声喊叫:“无情的美女
已经把你变成了俘虏!”
黄昏中我见到他们,饥饿的双唇
张得大大地发出恐怖的警告,
我从梦中惊醒,发现自己躺在这里,
在这寒风簌簌的半山腰。
这就是我为什么在此徘徊,
脸色苍白,独自一人游荡,
虽然湖边芦苇已经枯萎,
也没有鸟儿歌唱。
济慈的诗歌富于浪漫梦幻的色彩。原诗前三节描写武士憔悴忧愁的形象,首节的O what can ail thee,knight-at-arms与第二节的O what can ail thee相呼应,alone/palely loitering描写武士脸色苍白,孤独寂寞,彷徨无助,haggard/woe-begone描写武士面容憔悴,愁眉不展,so的叠用语气强烈。第三节,anguish moist and fever dew/a fading rose用比喻手法描写武士面容憔悴。第四到九节写武士被“无情的美女”带入一个洞穴,施以魔法而入眠。第四节中Her hair was long/her foot was light/And her eyes were wild形成排比句式,富于节奏感。第五节,sweet moan运用矛盾修辞法,表达了武士对美女的痴迷。第七节,感叹句I love thee true!语气强烈,表达了武士对美女的炽爱。第八节,And there I shut her wild,wild eyes中wild的叠用强调了美女眼神的癫狂。第九节,And there I dreamed/The latest dream I ever dreamed通过dream(ed)的重复渲染了一种梦幻的色彩,感叹句Ah!Woe betide!语气强烈,传达了武士内心的恐怖。第十、十一节描写武士梦中所见的恐怖景象,第十节I saw pale kings and princes too/Pale warriors,death-pale were they all中pale的叠用渲染了忧伤阴郁的气氛,第十一节I saw their starved lips in the gloam/With horrid warning gaped wide中gloam/horrid描写了阴森暗淡的画面,On the cold hill's side与第九节的On the cold hill's side相呼应,渲染了阴冷森然的氛围。第十二节中Alone and palely loitering?/The sedge is withered from the lake/And no birds sing与原诗首节相呼应,描写武士从梦中醒来,神情恍惚,精神萎靡。
何译首节中“苍白”、“憔悴”、“愁眉不展”再现了武士苍白憔悴的面容和萎靡恍惚的神情。第二节中“褪红”、“萎枯”、“枯萎”再现了周围生物的凋零衰败的景象和美女容貌的憔悴。第四节中四字语“头发长长”、“步履轻盈”保留了原诗Her hair was long/her foot was light的排比结构和节奏感。第五节的“甜甜”、“钟爱”、第六节的“着迷”传达了武士对美女的痴迷。第八节的“疯疯癫癫”保留了原诗wild,wild的叠词手法。第九节的“寒风簌簌”传达了主人公阴冷恐惧的梦中体验。第十节中“惨白如亡徒”再现了原诗阴森恐怖的气氛。第十一节中“寒风簌簌”与第九节的“寒风簌簌”相呼应。第十二节,“脸色苍白,独自一人游荡/虽然湖边芦苇已经枯萎/也没有鸟儿歌唱”与首节中的“脸色苍白,独自在此游荡?/湖边的芦苇已经枯萎/也没有鸟儿歌唱”相呼应,一唱三叹,渲染了原诗忧伤苦闷的情感氛围。